Copyright and Artificial Intelligence
Authorship
L.A.A.S.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
L.A.A.S.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.14.2025 12:00
07.14.2025 12:00
Summary
The development of AI systems has impacted the functioning of societies on a global scale; in this context, copyright law has been particularly challenged. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to analyze the legal issues arising at each stage of an AI system's lifecycle: the inputs, concerning the use of protected material in training datasets without the consent of the intellectual property holder; the prompts, addressing the possibility that a user’s instruction may contain a level of creativity sufficient to warrant protection; and the outputs, which raise issues that go beyond merely recognizing a right and identifying its holder. This analysis is based on a systematic review of legal scholarship, case law, and state responses to this phenomenon, with a particular focus on Spain and the European Union. Among the main conclusions, it is identified that while a European legal framework exists regarding inputs, it requires further development; in contrast, there is currently no regulation addressing the prompt and output phases, either at the European or national level.
The development of AI systems has impacted the functioning of societies on a global scale; in this context, copyright law has been particularly challenged. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to analyze the legal issues arising at each stage of an AI system's lifecycle: the inputs, concerning the use of protected material in training datasets without the consent of the intellectual property holder; the prompts, addressing the possibility that a user’s instruction may contain a level of creativity sufficient to warrant protection; and the outputs, which raise issues that go beyond merely recognizing a right and identifying its holder. This analysis is based on a systematic review of legal scholarship, case law, and state responses to this phenomenon, with a particular focus on Spain and the European Union. Among the main conclusions, it is identified that while a European legal framework exists regarding inputs, it requires further development; in contrast, there is currently no regulation addressing the prompt and output phases, either at the European or national level.
Direction
GARCIA VIDAL, ANGEL (Tutorships)
GARCIA VIDAL, ANGEL (Tutorships)
Court
GARCIA VIDAL, ANGEL (Student’s tutor)
GARCIA VIDAL, ANGEL (Student’s tutor)
Occupational risk prevention in special employment regime in domestic service: a critical approach from a gender perspective.
Authorship
M.A.A.
Double bachelor degree in Laws and Labour Relations and Human Resources
M.A.A.
Double bachelor degree in Laws and Labour Relations and Human Resources
Defense date
07.14.2025 11:00
07.14.2025 11:00
Summary
This Final Degree Project presents a critical analysis of occupational risk prevention within the framework of the special employment regime in the domestic service sector, with particular attention to its unique characteristics. The study begins with a review of the legal framework that has historically governed this group up to the present day and explores the structural challenges that difficults the effectiveness of preventive policies in the sector. These challenges are related to the fact that the work is carried out within private households and from the legal and practical limits this involves. This analysis includes a gender perspective, as it is essential to understanding the feminization of the workforce and the multiple forms of vulnerability faced by domestic workers, most of whom are women and migrants. Lastly, the project examines the innovations introduced by Real Derecreto 893/2024, de 10 de septiembre, por el que se regula la protección de la seguridad. This regulation represents, at least on paper, a significant step forward in equalizing occupational health and safety rights for a group historically marked by precarious working conditions.
This Final Degree Project presents a critical analysis of occupational risk prevention within the framework of the special employment regime in the domestic service sector, with particular attention to its unique characteristics. The study begins with a review of the legal framework that has historically governed this group up to the present day and explores the structural challenges that difficults the effectiveness of preventive policies in the sector. These challenges are related to the fact that the work is carried out within private households and from the legal and practical limits this involves. This analysis includes a gender perspective, as it is essential to understanding the feminization of the workforce and the multiple forms of vulnerability faced by domestic workers, most of whom are women and migrants. Lastly, the project examines the innovations introduced by Real Derecreto 893/2024, de 10 de septiembre, por el que se regula la protección de la seguridad. This regulation represents, at least on paper, a significant step forward in equalizing occupational health and safety rights for a group historically marked by precarious working conditions.
Direction
FERNANDEZ MARTINEZ, SILVIA (Tutorships)
FERNANDEZ MARTINEZ, SILVIA (Tutorships)
Court
MUNIN SANCHEZ, LARA MARIA (Chairman)
TORRES GARCIA, BARBARA (Secretary)
VILLANUEVA TURNES, ALEJANDRO (Member)
MUNIN SANCHEZ, LARA MARIA (Chairman)
TORRES GARCIA, BARBARA (Secretary)
VILLANUEVA TURNES, ALEJANDRO (Member)
Israeli military action against Gaza in 2023 as an act of genocide.
Authorship
A.C.G.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
A.C.G.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.14.2025 12:00
07.14.2025 12:00
Summary
The study will focus on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, detailing the occupation since 1967, as well as settlement policies and the blockade of Gaza. It will also analyse the Israeli offensive following the Hamas attacks of 7 October 2023, assessing the effects on the civilian population, the proportionality of military responses and compliance with the rules of international humanitarian law. This paper will examine whether the current Israeli military offensive in the Gaza Strip can constitute an act of genocide under the rules of international law. Based on the definition provided by the 1948 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, it will examine the various elements required: the existence of criminalised acts and a specific intent to destroy in whole or in part a national, ethnical, racial or religious group. Through the analysis of international jurisprudence, pronouncements by different bodies, reports by human rights organisations and statements by political leaders, we can identify a number of elements that may constitute serious indications of genocidal intent.
The study will focus on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, detailing the occupation since 1967, as well as settlement policies and the blockade of Gaza. It will also analyse the Israeli offensive following the Hamas attacks of 7 October 2023, assessing the effects on the civilian population, the proportionality of military responses and compliance with the rules of international humanitarian law. This paper will examine whether the current Israeli military offensive in the Gaza Strip can constitute an act of genocide under the rules of international law. Based on the definition provided by the 1948 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, it will examine the various elements required: the existence of criminalised acts and a specific intent to destroy in whole or in part a national, ethnical, racial or religious group. Through the analysis of international jurisprudence, pronouncements by different bodies, reports by human rights organisations and statements by political leaders, we can identify a number of elements that may constitute serious indications of genocidal intent.
Direction
JORGE URBINA, JULIO (Tutorships)
JORGE URBINA, JULIO (Tutorships)
Court
JORGE URBINA, JULIO (Student’s tutor)
JORGE URBINA, JULIO (Student’s tutor)
The EU Morocco Agreements and Western Sahara: A Legal Analysis
Authorship
S.V.D.G.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
S.V.D.G.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.14.2025 10:00
07.14.2025 10:00
Summary
Since the Spanish decolonization in 1975, the legal, political, and economic situation of Western Sahara has been surrounded by controversy. The designation of Western Sahara as a non-self-governing territory has led to a series of issues affecting its rights, primarily the right to self-determination of peoples, recognized by the United Nations in its Charter, as well as permanent sovereignty over its territory and the exploitation of its resources, or the principle of the relative effect of treaties. This situation stems from the occupation carried out by Morocco, which claims the territory as its own despite the opposition of Western Sahara´s representative, the Polisario Front. As a result, the Kingdom of Morocco, disregarding the principle of the relative effect of treaties, has entered into a series of agreements with the European Union that directly affect parts of Western Sahara. The root of the problem lies in the lack of consultation with the Sahrawi people and the Polisario Front, as their representative, regarding the adoption of these agreements involving their territory. In response, the Polisario Front has challenged the decisions approving such agreements and has engaged in a legal battle against the European institutions, Morocco, and Moroccan fishing cooperatives in favor of continuing the agreements. This has led to a lengthy period of proceedings before the judicial bodies of the European Union in an attempt to resolve a conflict that, to this day, remains unresolved.
Since the Spanish decolonization in 1975, the legal, political, and economic situation of Western Sahara has been surrounded by controversy. The designation of Western Sahara as a non-self-governing territory has led to a series of issues affecting its rights, primarily the right to self-determination of peoples, recognized by the United Nations in its Charter, as well as permanent sovereignty over its territory and the exploitation of its resources, or the principle of the relative effect of treaties. This situation stems from the occupation carried out by Morocco, which claims the territory as its own despite the opposition of Western Sahara´s representative, the Polisario Front. As a result, the Kingdom of Morocco, disregarding the principle of the relative effect of treaties, has entered into a series of agreements with the European Union that directly affect parts of Western Sahara. The root of the problem lies in the lack of consultation with the Sahrawi people and the Polisario Front, as their representative, regarding the adoption of these agreements involving their territory. In response, the Polisario Front has challenged the decisions approving such agreements and has engaged in a legal battle against the European institutions, Morocco, and Moroccan fishing cooperatives in favor of continuing the agreements. This has led to a lengthy period of proceedings before the judicial bodies of the European Union in an attempt to resolve a conflict that, to this day, remains unresolved.
Direction
TEIJO GARCIA, CARLOS (Tutorships)
TEIJO GARCIA, CARLOS (Tutorships)
Court
TEIJO GARCIA, CARLOS (Student’s tutor)
TEIJO GARCIA, CARLOS (Student’s tutor)
The notion of conformity in the contract for the supply of digital content and services
Authorship
Y.D.M.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Y.D.M.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.18.2025 12:00
07.18.2025 12:00
Summary
This paper deals with the contract as a key legal figure in private law. It analyzes its evolution over time and how it adapts to social and technological changes, as well as to electronic commerce, with special attention to the protection of the consumer, considered the weaker party in the contractual relationship. The parties involved in the contract (consumers and businesses) are identified, along with the content of the obligations undertaken and the legal effects that arise from the contract. A central point is the analysis of non-conformity, distinguishing between subjective and objective requirements for a good or service to be considered in accordance with the agreement. The study also reviews consumer rights, such as data protection and the possibility of terminating the contract, as well as the obligations of businesses, including the delivery of conforming goods and service updates. Finally, it examines the legal remedies available in cases of non-conformity, both those established at the European level and those under national law, as well as their hierarchy.
This paper deals with the contract as a key legal figure in private law. It analyzes its evolution over time and how it adapts to social and technological changes, as well as to electronic commerce, with special attention to the protection of the consumer, considered the weaker party in the contractual relationship. The parties involved in the contract (consumers and businesses) are identified, along with the content of the obligations undertaken and the legal effects that arise from the contract. A central point is the analysis of non-conformity, distinguishing between subjective and objective requirements for a good or service to be considered in accordance with the agreement. The study also reviews consumer rights, such as data protection and the possibility of terminating the contract, as well as the obligations of businesses, including the delivery of conforming goods and service updates. Finally, it examines the legal remedies available in cases of non-conformity, both those established at the European level and those under national law, as well as their hierarchy.
Direction
LETE ACHIRICA, JAVIER (Tutorships)
LETE ACHIRICA, JAVIER (Tutorships)
Court
GARCIA RUBIO, MARIA PAZ (Chairman)
Herrero Oviedo, Margarita Cristina (Secretary)
DIAZ MARTINEZ, ANA (Member)
GARCIA RUBIO, MARIA PAZ (Chairman)
Herrero Oviedo, Margarita Cristina (Secretary)
DIAZ MARTINEZ, ANA (Member)
Greenwashing as a barrier to the ecological transition in the textile sector: the need for effective regulation.
Authorship
L.F.G.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
L.F.G.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.18.2025 14:00
07.18.2025 14:00
Summary
Based on the concern for environmental impact and misleading communications, the phenomenon of greenwashing is studied, especially in the textile sector, one of the most affected by the use of unfair environmental claims as a commercial advantage. To do this, the first step is to understand and describe the essential characteristics of the concept, identifying the most common practices and their environmental and social impact. Next, attention is focused on the current regulatory framework, analyzing its real capacity to deal with this type of behavior. In this regard, the Directive (UE) 2024/825, stands out with special emphasis, which complements and reinforces the provisions particularly in Law 3/1991 on Unfair Competition. Through the review, as well as the assessment of practical cases, the aim is to evaluate the effectiveness of these standards, both in the international and national contexts. Finally, complementary measures, both binding and voluntary, are addressed, which can contribute to a more solid regulation and the transformation of the production model. In conclusion, it is worth highlighting the need to strengthen institutional control, promote corporate responsibility and encourage critical thinking among consumers.
Based on the concern for environmental impact and misleading communications, the phenomenon of greenwashing is studied, especially in the textile sector, one of the most affected by the use of unfair environmental claims as a commercial advantage. To do this, the first step is to understand and describe the essential characteristics of the concept, identifying the most common practices and their environmental and social impact. Next, attention is focused on the current regulatory framework, analyzing its real capacity to deal with this type of behavior. In this regard, the Directive (UE) 2024/825, stands out with special emphasis, which complements and reinforces the provisions particularly in Law 3/1991 on Unfair Competition. Through the review, as well as the assessment of practical cases, the aim is to evaluate the effectiveness of these standards, both in the international and national contexts. Finally, complementary measures, both binding and voluntary, are addressed, which can contribute to a more solid regulation and the transformation of the production model. In conclusion, it is worth highlighting the need to strengthen institutional control, promote corporate responsibility and encourage critical thinking among consumers.
Direction
PUENTES COCIÑA, BELTRAN (Tutorships)
PUENTES COCIÑA, BELTRAN (Tutorships)
Court
SANJURJO RIVO, VICENTE ANTONIO (Chairman)
VILLANUEVA TURNES, ALEJANDRO (Secretary)
ARENAS MEZA, MIGUEL ENRIQUE (Member)
SANJURJO RIVO, VICENTE ANTONIO (Chairman)
VILLANUEVA TURNES, ALEJANDRO (Secretary)
ARENAS MEZA, MIGUEL ENRIQUE (Member)
Proposals for improving police attention to intimate-partner violence victims from a Therapeutic Jurisprudence perspective
Authorship
C.F.B.
Bachelor of Criminology
C.F.B.
Bachelor of Criminology
Defense date
07.16.2025 12:00
07.16.2025 12:00
Summary
Intimate-Partner Violence has been recognized at both the national and international levels as a complex social issue and a form of discrimination with far-reaching consequences that affects the lives, rights, and freedoms of women. Therefore, it must be addressed comprehensively and urgently. In Spain, the high number of reports filed each year highlights the need for a coordinated, effective, and victim-centered institutional response. Most of these reports are filed with the Law Enforcement Agencies, at National Police stations and Guardia Civil posts, positioning these bodies as essential actors not only in immediate response but also in ongoing support and monitoring tasks, in which local police forces are also involved. This study introduces the Spanish legal and policing framework regarding Intimate-Partner Violence. From the perspective of Therapeutic Jurisprudence, which posits that laws and their implementation should maximize therapeutic outcomes and minimize those that may be iatrogenic, the paper reflects on the importance of police intervention that not only meets legal requirements but also considers the psychological impact of institutional action on victims. Beyond risk management, police attention should also consider the psychological and emotional dimensions of victims. The need to design and implement police protocols oriented toward Therapeutic Jurisprudence is proposed, as they may contribute to the psychological well-being of victims.
Intimate-Partner Violence has been recognized at both the national and international levels as a complex social issue and a form of discrimination with far-reaching consequences that affects the lives, rights, and freedoms of women. Therefore, it must be addressed comprehensively and urgently. In Spain, the high number of reports filed each year highlights the need for a coordinated, effective, and victim-centered institutional response. Most of these reports are filed with the Law Enforcement Agencies, at National Police stations and Guardia Civil posts, positioning these bodies as essential actors not only in immediate response but also in ongoing support and monitoring tasks, in which local police forces are also involved. This study introduces the Spanish legal and policing framework regarding Intimate-Partner Violence. From the perspective of Therapeutic Jurisprudence, which posits that laws and their implementation should maximize therapeutic outcomes and minimize those that may be iatrogenic, the paper reflects on the importance of police intervention that not only meets legal requirements but also considers the psychological impact of institutional action on victims. Beyond risk management, police attention should also consider the psychological and emotional dimensions of victims. The need to design and implement police protocols oriented toward Therapeutic Jurisprudence is proposed, as they may contribute to the psychological well-being of victims.
Direction
Seijo Martínez, María Dolores (Tutorships)
Seijo Martínez, María Dolores (Tutorships)
Court
Arce Fernández, Ramón (Chairman)
Seijo Martínez, María Dolores (Secretary)
Novo Pérez, Mercedes (Member)
Arce Fernández, Ramón (Chairman)
Seijo Martínez, María Dolores (Secretary)
Novo Pérez, Mercedes (Member)
Reacting in self-defence against non-state actors: an analysis of international practice
Authorship
A.F.L.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
A.F.L.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.14.2025 11:30
07.14.2025 11:30
Summary
This paper seeks to analyse the evolution of the applicability of the right to self-defence from a doctrinal, jurisprudential and practical perspective, analysing its change from a tool of reaction to inter-state aggression to its appeal to threats from non-state armed groups, in circumstances such as international terrorism. It will study the interpretative tensions that have arisen as a result of these new threats. It will also describe and analyse its development from the initial wording of Article 51 of the UN Charter to the most recent practice, as well as its current legal and jurisprudential configuration. The emergence of new forms of global terrorism has highlighted the need to restructure the EU security system. The seriousness of attacks perpetrated by non-state actors has encouraged victim states to exercise force against them, which has led to a rethinking of certain legal structures already consolidated in the international legal order, such as the right to legitimate self-defence, an institution that has often been used by states to destroy the territorial bases of terrorist groups.The study also analyses emblematic cases, such as the International Court of Justice's judgement in Nicaragua v. United States, and addresses the legitimacy of doctrines such as preventive self-defence and the theory of the ‘unwilling or unable state’. The uneven response of the international community to these practices and the ambiguity in the development of customary norms highlight the fragility of the legal consensus on the use of force.
This paper seeks to analyse the evolution of the applicability of the right to self-defence from a doctrinal, jurisprudential and practical perspective, analysing its change from a tool of reaction to inter-state aggression to its appeal to threats from non-state armed groups, in circumstances such as international terrorism. It will study the interpretative tensions that have arisen as a result of these new threats. It will also describe and analyse its development from the initial wording of Article 51 of the UN Charter to the most recent practice, as well as its current legal and jurisprudential configuration. The emergence of new forms of global terrorism has highlighted the need to restructure the EU security system. The seriousness of attacks perpetrated by non-state actors has encouraged victim states to exercise force against them, which has led to a rethinking of certain legal structures already consolidated in the international legal order, such as the right to legitimate self-defence, an institution that has often been used by states to destroy the territorial bases of terrorist groups.The study also analyses emblematic cases, such as the International Court of Justice's judgement in Nicaragua v. United States, and addresses the legitimacy of doctrines such as preventive self-defence and the theory of the ‘unwilling or unable state’. The uneven response of the international community to these practices and the ambiguity in the development of customary norms highlight the fragility of the legal consensus on the use of force.
Direction
ARENAS MEZA, MIGUEL ENRIQUE (Tutorships)
ARENAS MEZA, MIGUEL ENRIQUE (Tutorships)
Court
ARENAS MEZA, MIGUEL ENRIQUE (Student’s tutor)
ARENAS MEZA, MIGUEL ENRIQUE (Student’s tutor)
The praetor´s interdicts: A manifestation of his Imperium
Authorship
N.F.T.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
N.F.T.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.14.2025 12:00
07.14.2025 12:00
Summary
Among all the magistracies that constitutes the cursus honorum, the praetorship stands out for its leading role within private law. The figure of the praetor; vested with the imperium mixtum (this is a reinforced power linked to civil iurisdictio) has the duty to safeguard the proper conduct of litigation. To achieve this, it makes use of a broad range of resources, such as the stipulatio or the missio, being the interdictum the most relevant of them all. The interdictal order allows the praetor not only to prohibit certain behaviors, but also to require the restitution or exhibition of certain goods. All of this aims to provide an effective solution to disputes between private individuals. It is in practice, however, where it truly reveals its full potential. Being instruments in continuous evolution, they seek to adapt to the needs of legal reality. As a result, they became the cornerstone for the protection of institutions, such as the possession, which, without interdicts like unde vi or uti possidetis, would be completely unprotected. But their effectiveness also extends to other areas, playing a fundamental role in disputes between neighboring estates. They serve to protect not only the physical integrity of the estates but also the legal integrity of those rights arising from the coexistence of properties, as is the case with servitudes.
Among all the magistracies that constitutes the cursus honorum, the praetorship stands out for its leading role within private law. The figure of the praetor; vested with the imperium mixtum (this is a reinforced power linked to civil iurisdictio) has the duty to safeguard the proper conduct of litigation. To achieve this, it makes use of a broad range of resources, such as the stipulatio or the missio, being the interdictum the most relevant of them all. The interdictal order allows the praetor not only to prohibit certain behaviors, but also to require the restitution or exhibition of certain goods. All of this aims to provide an effective solution to disputes between private individuals. It is in practice, however, where it truly reveals its full potential. Being instruments in continuous evolution, they seek to adapt to the needs of legal reality. As a result, they became the cornerstone for the protection of institutions, such as the possession, which, without interdicts like unde vi or uti possidetis, would be completely unprotected. But their effectiveness also extends to other areas, playing a fundamental role in disputes between neighboring estates. They serve to protect not only the physical integrity of the estates but also the legal integrity of those rights arising from the coexistence of properties, as is the case with servitudes.
Direction
GONZALEZ BUSTELO, ANA MARIA (Tutorships)
GONZALEZ BUSTELO, ANA MARIA (Tutorships)
Court
GONZALEZ BUSTELO, ANA MARIA (Student’s tutor)
GONZALEZ BUSTELO, ANA MARIA (Student’s tutor)
Precontractual liability in the Proposal for the modernisation of the Civil Code
Authorship
L.G.C.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
L.G.C.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.16.2025 12:00
07.16.2025 12:00
Summary
This paper deals with pre-contractual liability, which arises when the parties to a negotiation prior to the conclusion of a contract do not behave in accordance with the requirements of good faith, causing damage to the other party. The regime of this liability is not regulated in Spain, but attention in the subject is growing. The main cases that generate pre-contractual liability are dealt with, as well as the grey areas of this legal figure, within the framework of the proposal for the modernisation of the Civil Code drawn up by the General Codification Commission of the Ministry of Justice in 2023.
This paper deals with pre-contractual liability, which arises when the parties to a negotiation prior to the conclusion of a contract do not behave in accordance with the requirements of good faith, causing damage to the other party. The regime of this liability is not regulated in Spain, but attention in the subject is growing. The main cases that generate pre-contractual liability are dealt with, as well as the grey areas of this legal figure, within the framework of the proposal for the modernisation of the Civil Code drawn up by the General Codification Commission of the Ministry of Justice in 2023.
Direction
GARCIA RUBIO, MARIA PAZ (Tutorships)
GARCIA RUBIO, MARIA PAZ (Tutorships)
Court
REBOLLEDO VARELA, ANGEL LUIS (Chairman)
CARBALLO FIDALGO, MARTA (Secretary)
ESPIN ALBA, ISABEL (Member)
REBOLLEDO VARELA, ANGEL LUIS (Chairman)
CARBALLO FIDALGO, MARTA (Secretary)
ESPIN ALBA, ISABEL (Member)
The non-punishment clause in article 177 bis.11 of the criminal code: case law analysis.
Authorship
C.G.C.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
C.G.C.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.15.2025 13:00
07.15.2025 13:00
Summary
This Bachelor’s Thesis examines Article 177 bis.11 of the Spanish Criminal Code (commonly referred to as the non-punishment clause) through legal, jurisprudential, and human rights lenses, with special emphasis on case law analysis. That provision grants a criminal immunity to victims of human trafficking who have committed offenses as a direct result of their exploitation. The thesis begins by framing human trafficking as a modern form of slavery that undermines human dignity. It then reviews the international framework supporting the non-punishment principle, highlighting instruments such as the Palermo Protocol, Directive 2011/36/EU, and the Council of Europe’s Warsaw Convention, as well as their gradual incorporation into domestic law. Next, the work analyzes Article 177 bis (especially section 11) which introduces an exculpatory clause that courts have often interpreted narrowly. It compares three key judgments: SAP Barcelona 183/2020 and STSJ Cataluña 315/2021, which adopt a protective application of the clause, and STS 960/2023, which takes a restrictive stance. The Supreme Court’s approach has been legally questioned and criticized for undermining fundamental rights, as noted in a dissenting opinion. The thesis also evaluates the reforms introduced by Directive (EU) 2024/1712, which broadens the definition of exploitative practices constituting trafficking, extends the non- punishment principle to administrative offenses, and strengthens victim protection through an intersectional, victim-centered approach. Finally, the thesis criticizes the institutional revictimization that stems from a formalistic application of criminal law and calls for a gender-sensitive, victim-focused paradigm. In conclusion, it advocates for an interpretation of Article 177 bis.11 that aligns with international obligations and upholds human rights.
This Bachelor’s Thesis examines Article 177 bis.11 of the Spanish Criminal Code (commonly referred to as the non-punishment clause) through legal, jurisprudential, and human rights lenses, with special emphasis on case law analysis. That provision grants a criminal immunity to victims of human trafficking who have committed offenses as a direct result of their exploitation. The thesis begins by framing human trafficking as a modern form of slavery that undermines human dignity. It then reviews the international framework supporting the non-punishment principle, highlighting instruments such as the Palermo Protocol, Directive 2011/36/EU, and the Council of Europe’s Warsaw Convention, as well as their gradual incorporation into domestic law. Next, the work analyzes Article 177 bis (especially section 11) which introduces an exculpatory clause that courts have often interpreted narrowly. It compares three key judgments: SAP Barcelona 183/2020 and STSJ Cataluña 315/2021, which adopt a protective application of the clause, and STS 960/2023, which takes a restrictive stance. The Supreme Court’s approach has been legally questioned and criticized for undermining fundamental rights, as noted in a dissenting opinion. The thesis also evaluates the reforms introduced by Directive (EU) 2024/1712, which broadens the definition of exploitative practices constituting trafficking, extends the non- punishment principle to administrative offenses, and strengthens victim protection through an intersectional, victim-centered approach. Finally, the thesis criticizes the institutional revictimization that stems from a formalistic application of criminal law and calls for a gender-sensitive, victim-focused paradigm. In conclusion, it advocates for an interpretation of Article 177 bis.11 that aligns with international obligations and upholds human rights.
Direction
PEREZ RIVAS, NATALIA (Tutorships)
PEREZ RIVAS, NATALIA (Tutorships)
Court
VAZQUEZ-PORTOMEÑE SEIJAS, FERNANDO ANTONIO (Chairman)
Valeije Álvarez, María Inmaculada (Secretary)
GUINARTE CABADA, GUMERSINDO (Member)
VAZQUEZ-PORTOMEÑE SEIJAS, FERNANDO ANTONIO (Chairman)
Valeije Álvarez, María Inmaculada (Secretary)
GUINARTE CABADA, GUMERSINDO (Member)
Analysis of legal communication on social networks: study of the X platform
Authorship
I.G.O.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
I.G.O.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.14.2025 09:30
07.14.2025 09:30
Summary
Social networks play a key role in today's society, offering users the opportunity to exchange experiences, express opinions and even learn about new opportunities at work. These online platforms have evolved significantly since their beginnings in the 1990s, when websites such as classmates.com and sixdegrees.com appeared. Today, the development of social networks is so great that we can find various categories, each of them specialized in a specific purpose, so that general social networks, professional social networks and social networks specialized in specific objectives and with a series of their own characteristics appear. To analyze legal communication within the X platform, we used a mixed methodology, consisting of a descriptive section, constructing a theoretical and conceptual framework for bibliographic and documentary research, accompanied by an analytical section comprising the collection, analysis, and classification of data that would lead to the primary source of the research. After further analyzing the recorded information, we observed several results, such as a predominance of males among the disseminators of legal information within X; they were of a similar age; only half of their publications contained legal material; and communication predominated from members of the Judiciary and Prosecutor's Office. Like other branches of knowledge, the legal field is also counting on communicators on the new platforms that the Internet offers us, but this fact also brings challenges regarding the protection of information and personal data. Addressing all these issues is key to building a more reliable virtual space for all users.
Social networks play a key role in today's society, offering users the opportunity to exchange experiences, express opinions and even learn about new opportunities at work. These online platforms have evolved significantly since their beginnings in the 1990s, when websites such as classmates.com and sixdegrees.com appeared. Today, the development of social networks is so great that we can find various categories, each of them specialized in a specific purpose, so that general social networks, professional social networks and social networks specialized in specific objectives and with a series of their own characteristics appear. To analyze legal communication within the X platform, we used a mixed methodology, consisting of a descriptive section, constructing a theoretical and conceptual framework for bibliographic and documentary research, accompanied by an analytical section comprising the collection, analysis, and classification of data that would lead to the primary source of the research. After further analyzing the recorded information, we observed several results, such as a predominance of males among the disseminators of legal information within X; they were of a similar age; only half of their publications contained legal material; and communication predominated from members of the Judiciary and Prosecutor's Office. Like other branches of knowledge, the legal field is also counting on communicators on the new platforms that the Internet offers us, but this fact also brings challenges regarding the protection of information and personal data. Addressing all these issues is key to building a more reliable virtual space for all users.
Direction
SIXTO GARCIA, JOSE (Tutorships)
SIXTO GARCIA, JOSE (Tutorships)
Court
SIXTO GARCIA, JOSE (Student’s tutor)
SIXTO GARCIA, JOSE (Student’s tutor)
The demand for international criminal responsibility in the context of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
Authorship
Z.I.F.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Z.I.F.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.16.2025 12:00
07.16.2025 12:00
Summary
The Israeli-Palestinian conflict, despite being a long-standing and widely debated reality, is a highly topical and constantly evolving issue, involving debate on matters of public international law, becoming necessary the establishment of a legal framework. To this end, it is important to begin with a brief historical context, laying the background for the subsequent determination of legal issues. Specifically, the application of international humanitarian law will be adressed, with the aim of determining the obligations of the conflicting parties. Other controversial matters will then be approached, such as Palestinian statehood, a topic which analysis is essential to reach the ultimate goal of this study: determining the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court and the requirement for international criminal accountability before it.
The Israeli-Palestinian conflict, despite being a long-standing and widely debated reality, is a highly topical and constantly evolving issue, involving debate on matters of public international law, becoming necessary the establishment of a legal framework. To this end, it is important to begin with a brief historical context, laying the background for the subsequent determination of legal issues. Specifically, the application of international humanitarian law will be adressed, with the aim of determining the obligations of the conflicting parties. Other controversial matters will then be approached, such as Palestinian statehood, a topic which analysis is essential to reach the ultimate goal of this study: determining the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court and the requirement for international criminal accountability before it.
Direction
LIROLA DELGADO, MARIA ISABEL (Tutorships)
LIROLA DELGADO, MARIA ISABEL (Tutorships)
Court
PONTE IGLESIAS, MARIA TERESA (Chairman)
PUENTES COCIÑA, BELTRAN (Secretary)
FERNANDEZ RODRIGUEZ, JOSE JULIO (Member)
PONTE IGLESIAS, MARIA TERESA (Chairman)
PUENTES COCIÑA, BELTRAN (Secretary)
FERNANDEZ RODRIGUEZ, JOSE JULIO (Member)
The analysis of the integration of testamentary provisions in Succession Law
Authorship
M.M.S.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
M.M.S.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.14.2025 11:00
07.14.2025 11:00
Summary
Alongside the process of interpreting the statement expressed in the will, aimed at understanding the real intention that such a statement encompasses, there is the process of integrative interpretation of the succession business, whose purpose is to reconstruct the hypothetical will of the deceased to respond to situations not foreseen by them at the time of granting. The importance of this matter is unquestionable, as the practice of the courts and the registration dynamics confirm that the solution to a large part of the existing controversies in the field of succession lies in ascertaining the will of the deceased. Controversies that, at times, could be avoided through appropriate channeling by notaries and lawyers of the will transmitted to them and the objectives sought by the grantor, through complete and adapted clauses to the current legal framework. In this final degree project, two key rulings have been analyzed in depth to decipher the issue of integration in testamentary matters as well as questions related to false cause and the interpretative function of the will.
Alongside the process of interpreting the statement expressed in the will, aimed at understanding the real intention that such a statement encompasses, there is the process of integrative interpretation of the succession business, whose purpose is to reconstruct the hypothetical will of the deceased to respond to situations not foreseen by them at the time of granting. The importance of this matter is unquestionable, as the practice of the courts and the registration dynamics confirm that the solution to a large part of the existing controversies in the field of succession lies in ascertaining the will of the deceased. Controversies that, at times, could be avoided through appropriate channeling by notaries and lawyers of the will transmitted to them and the objectives sought by the grantor, through complete and adapted clauses to the current legal framework. In this final degree project, two key rulings have been analyzed in depth to decipher the issue of integration in testamentary matters as well as questions related to false cause and the interpretative function of the will.
Direction
MADRIÑAN VAZQUEZ, MARTA (Tutorships)
MADRIÑAN VAZQUEZ, MARTA (Tutorships)
Court
MADRIÑAN VAZQUEZ, MARTA (Student’s tutor)
MADRIÑAN VAZQUEZ, MARTA (Student’s tutor)
New Trends in Investor Protection
Authorship
S.M.V.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
S.M.V.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.15.2025 12:30
07.15.2025 12:30
Summary
This TFG aims to study new trends regarding investor protection. It reflects on the specific issues faced by investors in the securities markets. The position of the investor in these markets will be analyzed from the perspective of their protection, taking into account the central role they occupy. The various protection mechanisms provided by both European and national legal frameworks will be reviewed. In particular, the project addresses the issue of informational transparency as a fundamental mechanism underpinning the entire system of investor protection. However, this mechanism proves insufficient to provide adequate support for investors in the markets. Specifically, the analysis focuses on the current crisis of transparency, considering that investors often have no interest in reading the financial reports they receive, nor do they possess the necessary skills to operate in a highly technical area that may cause serious harm to their personal assets and financial well-being. Finally, the project will explore new trends and alternatives, while also proposing innovative ideas concerning investor protection, such as the need to emphasize financial education.
This TFG aims to study new trends regarding investor protection. It reflects on the specific issues faced by investors in the securities markets. The position of the investor in these markets will be analyzed from the perspective of their protection, taking into account the central role they occupy. The various protection mechanisms provided by both European and national legal frameworks will be reviewed. In particular, the project addresses the issue of informational transparency as a fundamental mechanism underpinning the entire system of investor protection. However, this mechanism proves insufficient to provide adequate support for investors in the markets. Specifically, the analysis focuses on the current crisis of transparency, considering that investors often have no interest in reading the financial reports they receive, nor do they possess the necessary skills to operate in a highly technical area that may cause serious harm to their personal assets and financial well-being. Finally, the project will explore new trends and alternatives, while also proposing innovative ideas concerning investor protection, such as the need to emphasize financial education.
Direction
HERNANDEZ RODRIGUEZ, FRANCISCO (Tutorships)
HERNANDEZ RODRIGUEZ, FRANCISCO (Tutorships)
Court
Fernández-Albor Baltar, Ángel (Chairman)
FRAMIÑAN SANTAS, FRANCISCO JAVIER (Secretary)
MAROÑO GARGALLO, MARIA DEL MAR (Member)
Fernández-Albor Baltar, Ángel (Chairman)
FRAMIÑAN SANTAS, FRANCISCO JAVIER (Secretary)
MAROÑO GARGALLO, MARIA DEL MAR (Member)
Resistencia Galega
Authorship
M.M.C.
Bachelor of Criminology
M.M.C.
Bachelor of Criminology
Defense date
07.14.2025 10:00
07.14.2025 10:00
Summary
This thesis analyses the phenomenon of Resistencia Galega, a Galician independence movement that operated in secret in Galicia during the first decade of the XXI century. It appeared in the context of institutional, economic and identity crisis. After the dismantlement of other groups, RG was the subject of a big legal, media and social debate, especially concerning its possible denomination as a terrorist organisation. The investigation explores its origin, evolution, structure and operative activity as well as the reactions it created institutionally, medially and societally. Furthermore, it includes a theoretical review of the concept of terrorism from various perspectives and compares it to others armed groups. Using a qualitative and documental methodology, the study allows the extraction of valuable conclusions on such a delicate topic like the relationship between collective identity, political violence and the ways the State responds within a democratic system. In conclusion, this work not only seeks to understand a specific chapter of the history of Galicia but also to build a critical memory, committed to the nuances, the uncomfortable questions and the need to look to the past to better understand the present. Because what happened with RG is not an isolated incident, but an example of how conflicts are develop, how they are named, and how we choose to remember them.
This thesis analyses the phenomenon of Resistencia Galega, a Galician independence movement that operated in secret in Galicia during the first decade of the XXI century. It appeared in the context of institutional, economic and identity crisis. After the dismantlement of other groups, RG was the subject of a big legal, media and social debate, especially concerning its possible denomination as a terrorist organisation. The investigation explores its origin, evolution, structure and operative activity as well as the reactions it created institutionally, medially and societally. Furthermore, it includes a theoretical review of the concept of terrorism from various perspectives and compares it to others armed groups. Using a qualitative and documental methodology, the study allows the extraction of valuable conclusions on such a delicate topic like the relationship between collective identity, political violence and the ways the State responds within a democratic system. In conclusion, this work not only seeks to understand a specific chapter of the history of Galicia but also to build a critical memory, committed to the nuances, the uncomfortable questions and the need to look to the past to better understand the present. Because what happened with RG is not an isolated incident, but an example of how conflicts are develop, how they are named, and how we choose to remember them.
Direction
BENITEZ BALEATO, JESUS MANUEL (Tutorships)
BENITEZ BALEATO, JESUS MANUEL (Tutorships)
Court
BENITEZ BALEATO, JESUS MANUEL (Student’s tutor)
BENITEZ BALEATO, JESUS MANUEL (Student’s tutor)
Undergraduate dissertation
Authorship
R.M.C.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
R.M.C.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Summary
The purpose of this paper is to conduct a rigorous legal analysis of tax incentives and economic support measures aimed at creating and maintaining employment, both in the Spanish legal system and within the regulatory framework of the European Union. To this end, it begins by examining the constitutional principles governing taxation, in particular those of economic capacity, equality, progressivity and non-confiscatory nature enshrined in Article 31.1 of the Spanish Constitution, as well as the division of powers between the State and the autonomous communities in tax matters. A systematic study of the main incentive instruments in force is carried out, distinguishing between tax incentives in the strict sense, such as deductions from corporation tax, and measures relating to social security contributions, understood as non-tax public benefits, the purpose of which is to encourage recruitment and promote job retention. The analysis incorporates a comparative perspective that allows for an examination of the legal framework for these incentives in the European context, paying particular attention to the limits and requirements derived from State aid rules, in particular Articles 107 and 108 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. It also identifies the main challenges posed by the use of these instruments, such as the need to make their application conditional on the creation of stable, high-quality employment, the periodic evaluation of their effectiveness, the prevention of distortions of competition and the proper coordination of incentives within the framework of budgetary sustainability. The paper concludes that, from a legal and tax perspective, tax incentives and social security contribution measures can be valid public policy mechanisms in the field of employment, provided that they are designed in accordance with constitutional principles, are subject to control and evaluation, and are applied with criteria of efficiency, transparency and a link to objective results.
The purpose of this paper is to conduct a rigorous legal analysis of tax incentives and economic support measures aimed at creating and maintaining employment, both in the Spanish legal system and within the regulatory framework of the European Union. To this end, it begins by examining the constitutional principles governing taxation, in particular those of economic capacity, equality, progressivity and non-confiscatory nature enshrined in Article 31.1 of the Spanish Constitution, as well as the division of powers between the State and the autonomous communities in tax matters. A systematic study of the main incentive instruments in force is carried out, distinguishing between tax incentives in the strict sense, such as deductions from corporation tax, and measures relating to social security contributions, understood as non-tax public benefits, the purpose of which is to encourage recruitment and promote job retention. The analysis incorporates a comparative perspective that allows for an examination of the legal framework for these incentives in the European context, paying particular attention to the limits and requirements derived from State aid rules, in particular Articles 107 and 108 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. It also identifies the main challenges posed by the use of these instruments, such as the need to make their application conditional on the creation of stable, high-quality employment, the periodic evaluation of their effectiveness, the prevention of distortions of competition and the proper coordination of incentives within the framework of budgetary sustainability. The paper concludes that, from a legal and tax perspective, tax incentives and social security contribution measures can be valid public policy mechanisms in the field of employment, provided that they are designed in accordance with constitutional principles, are subject to control and evaluation, and are applied with criteria of efficiency, transparency and a link to objective results.
Direction
Taboada Villa, Jorge (Tutorships)
Taboada Villa, Jorge (Tutorships)
Court
SANJURJO RIVO, VICENTE ANTONIO (Coordinator)
SANJURJO RIVO, VICENTE ANTONIO (Coordinator)
Market abuse: price manipulation and insider trading
Authorship
D.M.P.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
D.M.P.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.15.2025 13:00
07.15.2025 13:00
Summary
A state financial system is composed of various markets, among which we find the stock market, a virtual market that functions as a monetary flow space where intangible goods, securities fixed-income and variable-income), and other negotiable instruments/values traded. It is also important to highlight the role of market users, namely investors, who are at the center of the legislative focus, aimed at ensuring their protection. This stock market is threatened by a variety of risks, among which abusive practices stand out. The existence of such abusive practices implies a distortion in price formation and a distortion of resources, ultimately leading to a loss of confidence on the part of investors, which could potentially mean the end of the activity of these markets.The notion of protecting stock markets first gained prominence in the United States following the Stock Market Crash of 1929. Subsequently, this situation and much of the resulting legislation were transferred to the European Union, where many of the foundational elements of stock market protection regulation were adopted. Within the framework of the European Union, we find the Market Abuse Directive of 2003, which represented a significant step forward in protective regulation. Currently, Regulation 596/2014 is in force, identifying practices such as price manipulation as forms of market abuse.
A state financial system is composed of various markets, among which we find the stock market, a virtual market that functions as a monetary flow space where intangible goods, securities fixed-income and variable-income), and other negotiable instruments/values traded. It is also important to highlight the role of market users, namely investors, who are at the center of the legislative focus, aimed at ensuring their protection. This stock market is threatened by a variety of risks, among which abusive practices stand out. The existence of such abusive practices implies a distortion in price formation and a distortion of resources, ultimately leading to a loss of confidence on the part of investors, which could potentially mean the end of the activity of these markets.The notion of protecting stock markets first gained prominence in the United States following the Stock Market Crash of 1929. Subsequently, this situation and much of the resulting legislation were transferred to the European Union, where many of the foundational elements of stock market protection regulation were adopted. Within the framework of the European Union, we find the Market Abuse Directive of 2003, which represented a significant step forward in protective regulation. Currently, Regulation 596/2014 is in force, identifying practices such as price manipulation as forms of market abuse.
Direction
HERNANDEZ RODRIGUEZ, FRANCISCO (Tutorships)
HERNANDEZ RODRIGUEZ, FRANCISCO (Tutorships)
Court
Fernández-Albor Baltar, Ángel (Chairman)
FRAMIÑAN SANTAS, FRANCISCO JAVIER (Secretary)
MAROÑO GARGALLO, MARIA DEL MAR (Member)
Fernández-Albor Baltar, Ángel (Chairman)
FRAMIÑAN SANTAS, FRANCISCO JAVIER (Secretary)
MAROÑO GARGALLO, MARIA DEL MAR (Member)
The Transposition of Directive (EU) 2019/770 into Spanish Law through the Consolidated Text of the General Law for the Protection of Consumers and Users
Authorship
C.M.T.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
C.M.T.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.16.2025 12:30
07.16.2025 12:30
Summary
The present work analyzes how the Spanish legislator has addressed the transposition of Directive (EU) 2019/770 into the national legal system, with its content being developed in the Consolidated Text of the General Law for the Protection of Consumers and Users. This Directive represented a significant step forward in the harmonization of digital contract law within the European Union, setting as its main objective the establishment of common rules concerning certain aspects of contracts concluded between traders and consumers for the supply of digital content and digital services, whether in exchange for a price or through the provision of personal data. In an increasingly technological context, in which digital goods and services play a central role in economic and social life, it became necessary to adopt regulations that ensure an adequate level of consumer protection, while also providing legal certainty for traders operating in this market. The Directive introduces innovative concepts such as the provision of personal data as contractual consideration, the conformity regime, and the remedies available in cases of non-conformity, which have required the adaptation of various rules within Spanish law. This study will focus primarily on the scope of application of the Directive, as well as on the legal regime governing the lack of conformity of the supplied digital content and services.
The present work analyzes how the Spanish legislator has addressed the transposition of Directive (EU) 2019/770 into the national legal system, with its content being developed in the Consolidated Text of the General Law for the Protection of Consumers and Users. This Directive represented a significant step forward in the harmonization of digital contract law within the European Union, setting as its main objective the establishment of common rules concerning certain aspects of contracts concluded between traders and consumers for the supply of digital content and digital services, whether in exchange for a price or through the provision of personal data. In an increasingly technological context, in which digital goods and services play a central role in economic and social life, it became necessary to adopt regulations that ensure an adequate level of consumer protection, while also providing legal certainty for traders operating in this market. The Directive introduces innovative concepts such as the provision of personal data as contractual consideration, the conformity regime, and the remedies available in cases of non-conformity, which have required the adaptation of various rules within Spanish law. This study will focus primarily on the scope of application of the Directive, as well as on the legal regime governing the lack of conformity of the supplied digital content and services.
Direction
GARCIA RUBIO, MARIA PAZ (Tutorships)
GARCIA RUBIO, MARIA PAZ (Tutorships)
Court
REBOLLEDO VARELA, ANGEL LUIS (Chairman)
CARBALLO FIDALGO, MARTA (Secretary)
ESPIN ALBA, ISABEL (Member)
REBOLLEDO VARELA, ANGEL LUIS (Chairman)
CARBALLO FIDALGO, MARTA (Secretary)
ESPIN ALBA, ISABEL (Member)
Commentary on the CJEU Judgement of 17 June 2021 Mittelbayerischer Verlag KG
Authorship
O.P.R.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
O.P.R.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.14.2025 12:00
07.14.2025 12:00
Summary
This paper offers a critical analysis of the judfement delivered by the Court of Justice of the European Union on 17 June 2021, Mittelbayerischer Verlag KG, in the context of the article 7.2 of the Regulation EU 1215. The ruling adresses the issue of online defamation and the possiblity of bringing legal actions when the claimant is not expressly identified in the allegeldly defamatory content. The study explores the jurisprudential development of the place where the harmful event ocurred, ist, implications for the protection of personality rights and the tension between legal certanty and effective judicial protection in cros border disputes.
This paper offers a critical analysis of the judfement delivered by the Court of Justice of the European Union on 17 June 2021, Mittelbayerischer Verlag KG, in the context of the article 7.2 of the Regulation EU 1215. The ruling adresses the issue of online defamation and the possiblity of bringing legal actions when the claimant is not expressly identified in the allegeldly defamatory content. The study explores the jurisprudential development of the place where the harmful event ocurred, ist, implications for the protection of personality rights and the tension between legal certanty and effective judicial protection in cros border disputes.
Direction
MASEDA RODRÍGUEZ, JAVIER (Tutorships)
MASEDA RODRÍGUEZ, JAVIER (Tutorships)
Court
MASEDA RODRÍGUEZ, JAVIER (Student’s tutor)
MASEDA RODRÍGUEZ, JAVIER (Student’s tutor)
The ordinary modality of suspending the remainder of the sentence (parole): legal-criminal framework.
Authorship
N.P.R.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
N.P.R.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.15.2025 12:30
07.15.2025 12:30
Summary
This paper aims to examine the legal framework of parole in its ordinary form, tracing its development from its origins as the final stage within a multi-phase system of prison sentence execution, to its current configuration as a form of suspension of the remaining custodial sentence. A critical approach will be adopted to analyze the various reforms this penal institution has undergone in Spain, with particular emphasis on the impact of Organic Law 1/2015, which significantly altered its legal regime, both in terms of interpretation and procedure. The legal regulation of parole will be presented from both doctrinal and jurisprudential perspectives, addressing its eligibility requirements, the procedure for its granting, the obligations or restrictions that may be imposed on the parolee, and the grounds for its potential revocation.
This paper aims to examine the legal framework of parole in its ordinary form, tracing its development from its origins as the final stage within a multi-phase system of prison sentence execution, to its current configuration as a form of suspension of the remaining custodial sentence. A critical approach will be adopted to analyze the various reforms this penal institution has undergone in Spain, with particular emphasis on the impact of Organic Law 1/2015, which significantly altered its legal regime, both in terms of interpretation and procedure. The legal regulation of parole will be presented from both doctrinal and jurisprudential perspectives, addressing its eligibility requirements, the procedure for its granting, the obligations or restrictions that may be imposed on the parolee, and the grounds for its potential revocation.
Direction
PEREZ RIVAS, NATALIA (Tutorships)
PEREZ RIVAS, NATALIA (Tutorships)
Court
VAZQUEZ-PORTOMEÑE SEIJAS, FERNANDO ANTONIO (Chairman)
Valeije Álvarez, María Inmaculada (Secretary)
GUINARTE CABADA, GUMERSINDO (Member)
VAZQUEZ-PORTOMEÑE SEIJAS, FERNANDO ANTONIO (Chairman)
Valeije Álvarez, María Inmaculada (Secretary)
GUINARTE CABADA, GUMERSINDO (Member)
The liability of the Health Administration in times of coronavirus
Authorship
C.P.V.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
C.P.V.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.16.2025 12:30
07.16.2025 12:30
Summary
This paper focuses on the study of the financial liability of the Health Administration in the extraordinary context of the COVID-19 pandemic, based on the constitutional principle set forth in art. 106.2 of the Spanish Constitution and its regulatory development in the LRJSP. It deals with the basis of this institute as a guarantee against damages which, fulfilling the requirements of effectiveness, unlawfulness, economic evaluability, individuality and causal connection, have had the effect of the normal or abnormal operation of public health services in a situation of such exceptionality. In particular, it concentrates on the analysis of the appropriateness of pecuniary claims in the following areas: the lack of protection of healthcare personnel, contagions occurring in hospital settings, and the adverse effects of vaccination. Likewise, particular attention is paid to the influence of force majeure as a cause exonerating liability in a major health crisis.
This paper focuses on the study of the financial liability of the Health Administration in the extraordinary context of the COVID-19 pandemic, based on the constitutional principle set forth in art. 106.2 of the Spanish Constitution and its regulatory development in the LRJSP. It deals with the basis of this institute as a guarantee against damages which, fulfilling the requirements of effectiveness, unlawfulness, economic evaluability, individuality and causal connection, have had the effect of the normal or abnormal operation of public health services in a situation of such exceptionality. In particular, it concentrates on the analysis of the appropriateness of pecuniary claims in the following areas: the lack of protection of healthcare personnel, contagions occurring in hospital settings, and the adverse effects of vaccination. Likewise, particular attention is paid to the influence of force majeure as a cause exonerating liability in a major health crisis.
Direction
Nogueira López, María da Alba (Tutorships)
Nogueira López, María da Alba (Tutorships)
Court
PONTE IGLESIAS, MARIA TERESA (Chairman)
PUENTES COCIÑA, BELTRAN (Secretary)
FERNANDEZ RODRIGUEZ, JOSE JULIO (Member)
PONTE IGLESIAS, MARIA TERESA (Chairman)
PUENTES COCIÑA, BELTRAN (Secretary)
FERNANDEZ RODRIGUEZ, JOSE JULIO (Member)
Analysis of law firms' use of Social Media.
Authorship
A.R.C.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
A.R.C.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.14.2025 09:30
07.14.2025 09:30
Summary
Digital law and new technologies have impacted law firms, combining traditional models with social media and bringing about change. This process involves growth and learning through digital laws (LSSI), data protection laws (GDPR) and more. Marketing enables us to position your brand and make it visible internationally. Law firms are increasingly aware that they are businesses that must focus on quality and customer loyalty. A consolidated digital legal marketing strategy enables constant communication between clients and lawyers via platforms such as LinkedIn, Instagram and Twitter (X). The purpose of this Final Thesis is to analyse how law firms use social media, combining the dissemination of legal content with the acquisition of new clients. We highlight the clear positioning of the brand in terms of discovering talent and the frequency with which large and small firms publish and create content. We also analyse the level of interaction they have with users in a more personal way and with more fluid language. We analyse some of the risks and, above all, the challenges that a social media presence poses for many firms, given that the legal profession is traditionally conservative. On a positive note, the use of social media by lawyers and law firms is achieving better results thanks to growing awareness of the transformation of the legal profession.
Digital law and new technologies have impacted law firms, combining traditional models with social media and bringing about change. This process involves growth and learning through digital laws (LSSI), data protection laws (GDPR) and more. Marketing enables us to position your brand and make it visible internationally. Law firms are increasingly aware that they are businesses that must focus on quality and customer loyalty. A consolidated digital legal marketing strategy enables constant communication between clients and lawyers via platforms such as LinkedIn, Instagram and Twitter (X). The purpose of this Final Thesis is to analyse how law firms use social media, combining the dissemination of legal content with the acquisition of new clients. We highlight the clear positioning of the brand in terms of discovering talent and the frequency with which large and small firms publish and create content. We also analyse the level of interaction they have with users in a more personal way and with more fluid language. We analyse some of the risks and, above all, the challenges that a social media presence poses for many firms, given that the legal profession is traditionally conservative. On a positive note, the use of social media by lawyers and law firms is achieving better results thanks to growing awareness of the transformation of the legal profession.
Direction
SIXTO GARCIA, JOSE (Tutorships)
SIXTO GARCIA, JOSE (Tutorships)
Court
SIXTO GARCIA, JOSE (Student’s tutor)
SIXTO GARCIA, JOSE (Student’s tutor)
The right to free lega assistance
Authorship
A.R.G.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
A.R.G.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.18.2025 11:45
07.18.2025 11:45
Summary
This paper focuses on the analysis of the constitutional right to free legal aid, which guarantees access to justice for people who lack financial resources or who find themselves in unequal situations due to other circumstances, as set forth in Law 1/1996 of January 10, the main axis on which this right hinges. It highlights the process of creation and evolution of the right, its characteristics and regulation based on current regulations, and also the existing criticisms of it, as well as the need for reform. In other words, it addresses some aspects of the past, present, and future of free legal aid in our legal system, emphasizing in particular the urgency of certain changes related to free legal aid as it is currently configured.
This paper focuses on the analysis of the constitutional right to free legal aid, which guarantees access to justice for people who lack financial resources or who find themselves in unequal situations due to other circumstances, as set forth in Law 1/1996 of January 10, the main axis on which this right hinges. It highlights the process of creation and evolution of the right, its characteristics and regulation based on current regulations, and also the existing criticisms of it, as well as the need for reform. In other words, it addresses some aspects of the past, present, and future of free legal aid in our legal system, emphasizing in particular the urgency of certain changes related to free legal aid as it is currently configured.
Direction
Vilaboy Lois, Lotario (Tutorships)
Vilaboy Lois, Lotario (Tutorships)
Court
RODRIGUEZ ALVAREZ, ANA (Chairman)
VALIÑO CES, ALMUDENA (Secretary)
Alonso Salgado, Cristina (Member)
RODRIGUEZ ALVAREZ, ANA (Chairman)
VALIÑO CES, ALMUDENA (Secretary)
Alonso Salgado, Cristina (Member)
The European Union Artificial Intelligence Act and its impact on disinformation
Authorship
J.R.D.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
J.R.D.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.14.2025 09:30
07.14.2025 09:30
Summary
The purpose of this paper is to comprehensively investigate and analyze the legal regime established by the European Union's Artificial Intelligence Act (AI Act) for General-Purpose AI (GPAI) models. The analysis delves into the key aspects of the new regulation, seeking to understand how these systems are legally defined, what specific obligations are imposed on their providers, and what solutions the law offers for the challenges arising in areas such as intellectual property, disinformation, and the protection of fundamental rights. This is based on the understanding that GPAI represents a technological evolution aimed at improving productivity and social welfare, and that the European strategy seeks to build a framework of trust that fosters innovation and the safe adoption of this technology. Therefore, the regulation not only aims to limit risks but also to provide legal certainty for the development of a competitive and reliable market. However, as there is no clear limit to the scope and emergent capabilities of these systems, critical voices question whether the AI Act's risk-based approach will be sufficiently agile and robust to adapt to the pace of technological change. The debate focuses on whether the proposed measures will achieve a real balance between the effective control of threats and the need not to hinder development in a strategic sector.
The purpose of this paper is to comprehensively investigate and analyze the legal regime established by the European Union's Artificial Intelligence Act (AI Act) for General-Purpose AI (GPAI) models. The analysis delves into the key aspects of the new regulation, seeking to understand how these systems are legally defined, what specific obligations are imposed on their providers, and what solutions the law offers for the challenges arising in areas such as intellectual property, disinformation, and the protection of fundamental rights. This is based on the understanding that GPAI represents a technological evolution aimed at improving productivity and social welfare, and that the European strategy seeks to build a framework of trust that fosters innovation and the safe adoption of this technology. Therefore, the regulation not only aims to limit risks but also to provide legal certainty for the development of a competitive and reliable market. However, as there is no clear limit to the scope and emergent capabilities of these systems, critical voices question whether the AI Act's risk-based approach will be sufficiently agile and robust to adapt to the pace of technological change. The debate focuses on whether the proposed measures will achieve a real balance between the effective control of threats and the need not to hinder development in a strategic sector.
Direction
SIXTO GARCIA, JOSE (Tutorships)
SIXTO GARCIA, JOSE (Tutorships)
Court
SIXTO GARCIA, JOSE (Student’s tutor)
SIXTO GARCIA, JOSE (Student’s tutor)
Artificial Intelligence in Tax Administration and Taxpayers' Rights.
Authorship
R.J.R.R.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
R.J.R.R.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.18.2025 12:00
07.18.2025 12:00
Summary
The use of Artificial Intelligence systems in the tax field has the potential to deliver significant benefits while also posing risks to certain taxpayers' rights. This paper explores the historical and conceptual development of Artificial Intelligence, with the aim of understanding its defining technical and legal characteristics. It also examines the most recent regulatory framework, with particular attention to the European Union Artificial Intelligence Regulation and the Artificial Intelligence Strategy developed by the Spanish Tax Agency. Finally, it analyses several rights that may be affected by the use of these systems in the tax sphere: the right to receive a duly reasoned decision, the right to the protection of personal data, and the right to equality and non-discrimination.
The use of Artificial Intelligence systems in the tax field has the potential to deliver significant benefits while also posing risks to certain taxpayers' rights. This paper explores the historical and conceptual development of Artificial Intelligence, with the aim of understanding its defining technical and legal characteristics. It also examines the most recent regulatory framework, with particular attention to the European Union Artificial Intelligence Regulation and the Artificial Intelligence Strategy developed by the Spanish Tax Agency. Finally, it analyses several rights that may be affected by the use of these systems in the tax sphere: the right to receive a duly reasoned decision, the right to the protection of personal data, and the right to equality and non-discrimination.
Direction
RUIBAL PEREIRA, LUZ MARIA (Tutorships)
RUIBAL PEREIRA, LUZ MARIA (Tutorships)
Court
NIETO MONTERO, JUAN JOSE (Chairman)
IGLESIAS CASAIS, JOSE MANUEL (Secretary)
Villaverde Gómez, María Begoña (Member)
NIETO MONTERO, JUAN JOSE (Chairman)
IGLESIAS CASAIS, JOSE MANUEL (Secretary)
Villaverde Gómez, María Begoña (Member)
The threat of disinformation to the rule of law
Authorship
L.S.B.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
L.S.B.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
07.14.2025 09:30
07.14.2025 09:30
Summary
Disinformation appears to have become a pervasive feature of present-day society, a society in which information is treated as a commodity and where truth is no longer a central concern for the public. The compression of media ownership in the hands of a limited number of corporations and business conglomerates has resulted in an unavoidable control over information by a specific social sector. This academic work provides both a theoretical and practical analysis of the intensifying threat that disinformation entails to the rule of law. It is structured into four main sections: a theoretical framework that introduces the key concepts relevant to the area of study and traces their historical progression; a normative analysis offering an international and comparative perspective; a practical phase that involves the collection, organization and analysis of objective empirical data that reflect the degree to which the public trusts judicial institutions; and, finally, the conclusions drawn from the study. The findings of this work highlight the need to strengthen and improve legislation and public policies related to information, as well as to enhance media literacy. All of this with the aim of ensuring transparency, veracity, and the protection of the fundamental pillars that uphold the rule of law. Simultaneously, the real impact of disinformation practices is demonstrated in this work through illustrative examples.
Disinformation appears to have become a pervasive feature of present-day society, a society in which information is treated as a commodity and where truth is no longer a central concern for the public. The compression of media ownership in the hands of a limited number of corporations and business conglomerates has resulted in an unavoidable control over information by a specific social sector. This academic work provides both a theoretical and practical analysis of the intensifying threat that disinformation entails to the rule of law. It is structured into four main sections: a theoretical framework that introduces the key concepts relevant to the area of study and traces their historical progression; a normative analysis offering an international and comparative perspective; a practical phase that involves the collection, organization and analysis of objective empirical data that reflect the degree to which the public trusts judicial institutions; and, finally, the conclusions drawn from the study. The findings of this work highlight the need to strengthen and improve legislation and public policies related to information, as well as to enhance media literacy. All of this with the aim of ensuring transparency, veracity, and the protection of the fundamental pillars that uphold the rule of law. Simultaneously, the real impact of disinformation practices is demonstrated in this work through illustrative examples.
Direction
SIXTO GARCIA, JOSE (Tutorships)
SIXTO GARCIA, JOSE (Tutorships)
Court
SIXTO GARCIA, JOSE (Student’s tutor)
SIXTO GARCIA, JOSE (Student’s tutor)