Works presented

Summary
Sports injuries have a high economic cost and the recovery of young athletes is a long and painful process that involves treatments such as physiotherapy, surgery and pharmacological treatment. However, sports nutrition and supplementation are gaining relevance as key tools to optimize recovery and prevent injuries. Therefore, in this work a bibliographic review is carried out that aims to shed light on the appropriate use of supplementation for both the prevention and recovery of physical injuries. To do this, the most relevant studies of the last 6 years published in the Pubmed and Embase databases are analyzed. The results obtained indicate that supplements such as vitamin D, essential for bone and muscle health, should be administered with care due to their possible adverse effects if consumed in excess. As for omega-3 fatty acids, these have been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects and benefits in muscle recovery, although the results are not always consistent depending on the sport practiced. Creatine monohydrate, on the other hand, is one of the most researched and effective supplements, especially in high-intensity activities, and is considered safe when used in recommended doses. In conclusion, supplementation with vitamin D, omega-3 and creatine provides key benefits for health and sports performance, but more research is required to standardize doses, protocols and personalize recommendations according to individual characteristics and specific needs.

Direction
URIARTE VILLARES, EUGENIO (Tutorships)

Court
ALVAREZ CASTRO, EZEQUIEL (Chairman)
CARRILLO BARRAL, NESTOR (Secretary)
FERRO COSTAS, DAVID (Member)

Summary
The skin is a complex organ that serves as the first line of defense and harbors a diverse microbiota composed of bacteria, fungi, viruses, and mites. This community carries out essential functions in pathogen protection, immune regulation, wound healing, and the maintenance of cutaneous homeostasis. Its composition changes with age, body region, and external factors such as climate, diet, hygiene, or cosmetics. When an imbalance (dysbiosis) occurs in the microbial community, conditions such as acne, atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, or rosacea may arise. The use of cosmetics also influences the microbiota: certain ingredients (prebiotics, probiotics, and postbiotics) provide benefits and promote microbial diversity, whereas aggressive preservatives or surfactants can disrupt the balance. Moreover, cosmetics themselves are not exempt from contamination by pathogens during manufacturing or use, posing health risks. To prevent microbial proliferation, preservatives are used. Although necessary, they must be used with caution due to potential adverse effects and their environmental impact. In Europe, Regulation (EC) No 1223/2009 and ISO standards (including the Challenge Test) set guidelines and requirements in terms of safety and microbiological control.

Direction
DE MIGUEL BOUZAS, MARIA TRINIDAD (Tutorships)

Court
ALVAREZ CASTRO, EZEQUIEL (Chairman)
CARRILLO BARRAL, NESTOR (Secretary)
FERRO COSTAS, DAVID (Member)

Summary
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are chemical compounds capable of interfering with the normal functioning of the hormonal system and represent a significant public health concern due to their presence in food originating from packaging materials. This study provides an updated literature review on the presence of EDCs in food and human exposure to these contaminants through diet, focusing on bisphenols, phthalates, PFAs, and oligomers. Existing studies were compiled to gather data on the presence of endocrine disruptors in packaged food from different geographical regions, as well as the estimated average dietary exposure to these compounds. The majority of these studies concluded that migration and dietary exposure were within the current regulatory limits. However, in the case of Bisphenol A and cyclo-di-BADGE, the migration limit or acceptable migration recommendation was greatly exceeded, reaching up to 50 times higher in the latter case. Despite the existence of regulations to control the migration of these compounds, the combined exposure to different EDCs and their long-term effects remain a challenge for public health. The need for stricter global regulatory control is highlighted, as well as further research to assess potential risks and enhance food safety.

Direction
BARBOSA PEREIRA, LETRICIA (Tutorships)

Court
ALVAREZ CASTRO, EZEQUIEL (Chairman)
CARRILLO BARRAL, NESTOR (Secretary)
FERRO COSTAS, DAVID (Member)

Summary
Cannabis is the main drug of abuse among the youth in our country. Despite its potential therapeutic use, the risks of its abusive and chronic consumption are significant. The aim of this study is to assess cognitive impairment in cannabis users and its reflection in variables such as memory, learning and attention. Additionally, factors such as the dose consumed, the age of onset of use and the composition of the drug are studied as possible aggravating factors for cognitive deterioration. A comprehensive bibliographic search is conducted through the PubMed and Web of Science databases for publications from 2017 to October 2024, following the PRISMA methodology. The results show that cannabis users exhibit cognitive performance deterioration in the variables studied, with adolescence being a critical neurodevelopmental stage highly vulnerable to the effects of THC. Cannabis use causes structural alterations in brain areas with high cannabinoid receptor density, as well as changes in brain functionality patterns. Furthermore, it is associated with an increased risk of developing psychotic disorders. It is possible for cognitive and functional effects to reverse upon cessation of use, depending on the duration of the abstinence period. It is crucial to continue researching the neurobiological mechanisms underlying the effects of cannabis on cognitive development, as well as identifying factors that may reduce or prevent the associated damages of its use.

Direction
SÁNCHEZ SELLERO, INÉS (Tutorships)

Court
ALVAREZ CASTRO, EZEQUIEL (Chairman)
CARRILLO BARRAL, NESTOR (Secretary)
FERRO COSTAS, DAVID (Member)

Summary
The diffuse midline glioma (DMG) is a highly aggressive pediatric tumor of the central nervous system that primarily affects children between the ages of 5 and 7. Its location in vital areas and its low survival rate (median of 9 to 11 months) make essential the development of new therapeutic strategies. In 80% of cases, it presents a mutation in histone H3K27M, which alters H3K27 trimethylation and promotes tumor progression. Currently, there are no effective treatments for this disease. Given this clinical need, the present study focused on identifying molecules with antitumor activity through high-throughput screening (HTS). For this purpose, DIPG-007-GFP neurosphere cultures (3D model) were used, as they better replicate the in vivo tumor microenvironment compared to two-dimensional (2D) cultures. The experimental process was optimized by evaluating the viability and average fluorescence intensity per well of tumor neurospheres, using the BAY-850 compound as a methodological standard and for establishing assay conditions. Subsequently, through high-throughput screening, the effect of 5,000 compounds from the INNOPHARMA representative chemical library was analyzed, using fluorescence microscopy to monitor cell proliferation and viability. The active compounds identified were later confirmed through an independent assay and then tested in concentration-response curves to determine their dose-response effect and potency.

Direction
LOZA GARCIA, MARIA ISABEL (Tutorships)

Court
ALVAREZ CASTRO, EZEQUIEL (Chairman)
CARRILLO BARRAL, NESTOR (Secretary)
FERRO COSTAS, DAVID (Member)

Summary
This paper aims to analyze the role of community pharmacy within the Spanish National Health System, its responsibilities and competencies, and how these can improve patient care. Different European healthcare systems are compared, and the modifications they implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic are evaluated. Community pharmacy represents the first healthcare establishment accessible to the population. It plays key roles beyond medication dispensing, including health promotion and treatment monitoring. During the pandemic, its role expanded with measures introduced in response to the emergency situation, such as medication delivery and support for vulnerable populations. This highlighted its adaptability and the need to further integrate pharmacy into the healthcare system. The pandemic provided an opportunity to identify areas for improvement in the healthcare system, such as strengthening interprofessional collaboration, reevaluating communication channels between healthcare professionals, and expanding pharmacy services, including immunization and pharmacotherapeutic monitoring. The impact of measures implemented in other countries is highlighted, such as the Collaborative Practice Agreements in the United States, which have shown potential for improving the management of certain chronic diseases. In conclusion, greater integration of community pharmacy into primary care is proposed, thereby strengthening the sustainability of the system and improving access to healthcare services.

Direction
ALVAREZ CASTRO, EZEQUIEL (Tutorships)

Court
VAZQUEZ VAZQUEZ, CARLOS (Chairman)
DUBERT PEREZ, JAVIER (Secretary)
GARCIA FUENTES, MARCOS (Member)

Summary
Diabetes mellitus is one of the most prevalent chronic diseases worldwide, affecting millions of people. However, only a small proportion of patients receive a diagnosis, making proper management difficult and increasing associated risks. The main objective of this Final Degree Project was to design a clear, comprehensible, and visually appealing therapeutic infographic aimed at improving the pharmacotherapeutic follow-up patients with diabetes. This study addressed the most relevant aspects of the disease, including pharmacological treatment for both type 1 and type 2 diabetes, as well as non-pharmacological treatment, wich encompasses diet, physical exercise, and the reduction of risk factors such as smoking. Additionally, complications associated with diabetes and special situations -such as diabetes in children and adolescents, gestational diabetes, and diabetes inthe elderly- were analyzed. The role of new technologies in improving disease control was als highlighted. Furthermore, a final survey was conductec with 119 participants to evaluate the effectiveness and social perception of the infographic.

Direction
ALVAREZ CASTRO, EZEQUIEL (Tutorships)

Court
VAZQUEZ VAZQUEZ, CARLOS (Chairman)
DUBERT PEREZ, JAVIER (Secretary)
GARCIA FUENTES, MARCOS (Member)

Summary
Alzheimer’s disease is a neurodegenerative condition characterized by the progressive decline of cognitive functions, accompanied by the accumulation of beta-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles of the Tau protein in the brain. Currently, approved clinical treatments, such as cholinesterase inhibitors and glutamate modulators, provide only symptomatic relief without stopping the progression of the disease. This study aims to analyze the currently available therapies and those under investigation, including personalized medicine strategies, treatments targeting beta-amyloid plaque removal and tau protein aggregation inhibition based on monoclonal antibodies, as well as innovative approaches using liposomes and nanoparticles. However, the results indicate significant limitations in the development of new treatments, with the blood-brain barrier being one of the main obstacles. Its selectivity restricts drug access to the central nervous system, hindering the effectiveness of treatments under development. In conclusion, although promising research advances exist, it is essential to develop innovative strategies to overcome the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and improve the delivery of effective therapies against Alzheimer’s disease.

Direction
DIAZ RODRIGUEZ, PATRICIA (Tutorships)

Court
VAZQUEZ VAZQUEZ, CARLOS (Chairman)
DUBERT PEREZ, JAVIER (Secretary)
GARCIA FUENTES, MARCOS (Member)

Summary
3D printing has revolutionized the field of regenerative medicine, enabling the development of customized implants for bone regeneration. This work explores the use of biomaterials and additive manufacturing technologies to design three-dimensional scaffolds that promote osteointegration and the repair of bone defects. In the search for suitable materials for their fabrication calcium phosphates (CaP) have proven to be ideal for this application due to their osteoconductive and osteoinductive properties. Throughout this work, various combinations of a CaP, alpha-tricalcium phosphate, with carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), a binder widely studied in pharmaceutical technology, were evaluated. Based on printability, the ink that allowed the creation of structures with higher resolution was selected for scaffold fabrication. These scaffolds were crosslinked and sterilized simultaneously using an autoclave, followed by the application of specfialized treatments aimed at functionalizing their surface with osteoinductive hydroxyapatite nanoneedles. Morphostructural analysis using micro-computed tomography (micro-TC) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed that these treatments did not induce significant alterations in the scaffold architecture, preserving the fidelity of the deseigned three-dimensional model. The structural stability of the material was evaluated by incubating it in water at 37 degrees for a period of 21 days. These results confirmed that customized carboxymethyl cellulose and alpha-TCP scaffolds are promising candidates to promote bone tissue regeneration.

Direction
DIAZ GOMEZ, LUIS ANTONIO (Tutorships)

Court
VAZQUEZ VAZQUEZ, CARLOS (Chairman)
DUBERT PEREZ, JAVIER (Secretary)
GARCIA FUENTES, MARCOS (Member)

Summary
In the development of this work, the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder is described through the monoamine hypothesis, the chronic stress and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis hypothesis, the neurogenesis and neuroplasticity hypothesis and the inflammatory hypothesis. Subsequently, the mechanisms of action of psychedelic drugs will be compared with the pathophysiology of the mentioned disorder, verifying that these drugs interact in many of the systems involved in the disease, contributing to a notable improvement in depressive symptoms. Thus, the articles analyzed agree that psychedelic drugs produce rapid and significant improvements even in patients with resistant major depressive disorder, although with certain adverse effects to consider and limitations of the trials that must be resolved in the future.

Direction
MARTIN CORA, FRANCISCO JAVIER (Tutorships)

Court
VAZQUEZ VAZQUEZ, CARLOS (Chairman)
DUBERT PEREZ, JAVIER (Secretary)
GARCIA FUENTES, MARCOS (Member)

Summary
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is an inherited inflammatory skin disease that impairs its protective barrier. It usually manifests before the age of 2, with symptoms that vary in intensity depending on age and the chronicity of the signs. Its diagnosis is based on common criteria such as dry skin or typical lesions, which range from vesicles with exudate to thickened and lichenified skin areas. Additionally, it may present complications such as secondary infections. AD is the leading skin disease worldwide. 80% of cases occur within the first year of life and gradually diminish with age. Its prevalence varies by region, being higher in urban areas, among African Americans compared to Caucasians and in women, but especially in children. This condition has an extensive therapeutic arsenal, with corticosteroids and emollients being the primary treatments. Proper skin hydration is essential to prevent flare-ups, reducing their frequency and intensity. In cases of complications, antibiotics may be used, and for severe cases, systemic treatments, calcineurin inhibitors, or biological medications, which are particularly beneficial for immunosuppressed patients, may be necessary. Beyond pharmacological treatments, non-pharmacological recommendations should also be considered. These include routine skin care, stress management, avoiding scratching, and maintaining a suitable environment.

Direction
OTERO ESPINAR, FRANCISCO JAVIER (Tutorships)

Court
VAZQUEZ VAZQUEZ, CARLOS (Chairman)
DUBERT PEREZ, JAVIER (Secretary)
GARCIA FUENTES, MARCOS (Member)

Summary
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) represent a new frontier in cancer treatment research. Unlike conventional therapies that directly target the tumor, these drugs enhance the immune system’s response to recognize and eliminate malignant cells. By blocking key proteins such as PD-1, CTLA-4, and LAG-3, they have proven effective in various types of cancer, offering a more personalized and less invasive approach. This review analyzes the predictive biomarkers of these treatments' efficacy and their clinically proven indications. It also details the mechanism of action of each therapeutic target, the immune-related adverse events (IrAEs) associated with their use, and their clinical management. Additionally, the impact of combination therapies is discussed, as they have been shown to enhance the efficacy of ICIs and expand their application to different types of cancer. Despite these advancements, further research is still needed to improve their efficacy and reduce toxicity.

Direction
MARTINEZ RODRIGUEZ, ANTON LEANDRO (Tutorships)

Court
CRUGEIRAS MARTINEZ, JUAN (Chairman)
GARCIA GONZALEZ, CARLOS ALBERTO (Secretary)
BANDIN MATOS, MARIA ISABEL (Member)

Summary
Polyphenols are bioactive compounds derived from the secondary metabolism of plants that are present in many plant-based food sources and have attracted special attention and gained relevance among the scientific community in recent years. Numerous studies have revealed that the intake of these polyphenolic substances can bring about properties of great interest for the regulation and maintenance of health in humans, among which we can mention their antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer and neuroprotective actions, among others. This work aimed to gather information on the nature of these compounds, their stability and bioavailability, and, above all, on their interactions with the intestinal microbiome and the consequences of these interactions. After carrying out a review work, we can conclude that polyphenols exert effects of a varied nature on different aspects of our metabolism and our physiological systems, promoting better health thanks to the bidirectional modulation that it shares with the bacteria housed in the colonic segment.

Direction
BARBOSA PEREIRA, LETRICIA (Tutorships)

Court
CRUGEIRAS MARTINEZ, JUAN (Chairman)
GARCIA GONZALEZ, CARLOS ALBERTO (Secretary)
BANDIN MATOS, MARIA ISABEL (Member)

Summary
Targeted covalent inhibitors (TCIs) have been gaining importance in current drug investigation due to their target binding affinity, which is permanent, inhibiting the target´s function in an efficient and specifical way. Although TCIs used to be avoided in the past due to their toxicity potential, nowadays they represent an important strategy in drug development, especially in oncology fields. TCIs work with a two-step mechanism, firstly they make a reversible bond with their target, and then they establish a covalent bond. This improves their potency and reduces the risk of early resistance. The use of TCIs is a great strategy in order to achieve undruggable targets and to improve therapeutical efficacy. In spite of this fact, they still have to face challenges such as new resistances or being capable of reducing toxicity probabilities. A great example is the use of TCIs in order to treat pathologies like non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) or KRAS mutations, the latter target was considered undruggable two decades ago.

Direction
FERNANDEZ MASAGUER, JORGE CHRISTIAN (Tutorships)

Court
CRUGEIRAS MARTINEZ, JUAN (Chairman)
GARCIA GONZALEZ, CARLOS ALBERTO (Secretary)
BANDIN MATOS, MARIA ISABEL (Member)

Summary
The commercialization of any drug requires toxicity studies and adverse reactions’ collection. However, toxic effects over female fertility, pregnancy, fetal development and breastfeeding cannot be evidenced by conducting human clinical studies, and is based on information available from animal studies, retrospective human epidemiological studies or clinical cases. This review gathers current evidence on the toxicity on the different reproductive stages, from fertility to fetal development, and lactation of antitumor, immunosuppressants and biologics drugs indicated in immune-mediated inflammatory diseases, and antiepileptic drugs, exploring know toxicity mechanisms and clinical practice recommendations. Results indicate that antitumor drugs are the most toxicant agents to fertility. The toxicity of immunosuppressants drugs and biologics varies depending on the specific active substance and time of exposure. The majority of antiepileptic drugs from the newest generation do not appear to increase congenital malformations. Regarding lactation, cytostatic agents and immunotherapy are contraindicated, whereas drug excretion into breast milk differs across other medication groups. In summary, personalized management is essential for women of reproductive age, ensuring that treatment decisions are based on a careful assessment of risks and benefits at each stage.

Direction
DE CASTRO RIOS, ANA (Tutorships)

Court
CRUGEIRAS MARTINEZ, JUAN (Chairman)
GARCIA GONZALEZ, CARLOS ALBERTO (Secretary)
BANDIN MATOS, MARIA ISABEL (Member)

Summary
Current lifestyle, characterized by an increase in sedentary behaviour and a reduction in physical activity, is linked to health issues such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and emotional disorders. According to the WHO, 31% of adults and 80% of adolescents do not meet the recommended levels of physical activity, with women being the most affected. In Galicia, data show low levels of regular exercise and a high percentage of sedentary behaviour, particularly among women. This Final Degree Project analyses the barriers and motivations of female university students to engage in physical activity. Obstacles such as lack of time, limited accessibility, and gender inequalities were identified, while key motivations include physical and mental well-being. The study highlights the importance of designing inclusive policies that address these barriers and encourage active habits among women, promoting equity in sports and improving their present and future quality of life.

Direction
CAAMAÑO ISORNA, FRANCISCO (Tutorships)

Court
CRUGEIRAS MARTINEZ, JUAN (Chairman)
GARCIA GONZALEZ, CARLOS ALBERTO (Secretary)
BANDIN MATOS, MARIA ISABEL (Member)

Summary
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune, neurodegenerative, inflammatory, demyelinating and chronic disease. In recent years, its prevalence has increased among the population, which has prompted the approval of new therapeutic options for its control. The available treatments can be classified into three categories: treatment of outbreaks, disease-modifying treatments and symptom treatment. Immunosuppressors, fumaric acid esters, S1PR modulators or monoclonal antibodies are drugs that modify the disease. These agents allow the regulation of the inflammatory activity of the immune system, which translates into a reduction in relapses, a lower progression of disability and better control over the appearance of new lesions in magnetic resonance imaging. The choice of drug treatment should be based on the clinical course of the disease and the patient, adapting it to the efficacy and safety profile of each drug. In recent years, there has been a great deal of progress in the control of MS, with new drugs having an improved therapeutic profile or new indications for marketing being approved. In addition, all these therapeutic lines can be associated with treatments associated with symptomatological control and relapse, allowing an improvement in the patient’s quality of life.

Direction
Varela Calviño, Rubén (Tutorships)

Court
SALGADO SECO, MODESTO RAMON (Chairman)
MARTINEZ RODRIGUEZ, ANTON LEANDRO (Secretary)
GARCIA SANTOS, MARIA ISABEL (Member)

Summary
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease that, depending on the type of disease, consists of insulin deficiency or insufficiency and causes continuous states of hyperglycemia. Currently, the only treatment that can replace endogenous insulin production is the administration of quick-acting and long-acting insulin analogues by subcutaneous route through multiple daily injections. This route is often poorly accepted by patients. That is why, over the last few years, several non-invasive alternative routes have been studied, such as the inhalation, oral, and transdermal routes or the combination of the latter two. These alternative routes can replace the subcutaneous one. Non-invasive routes have characteristics that allow patients to improve therapeutic compliance and adhesion, as well as improve their quality of life and blood glucose control. This paper reviews the most recent studies on these alternative routes, comparing the results obtained with the traditional treatment of the disease, in order to conclude whether they can become a reality in the near future.

Direction
DIAZ GOMEZ, LUIS ANTONIO (Tutorships)

Court
SALGADO SECO, MODESTO RAMON (Chairman)
MARTINEZ RODRIGUEZ, ANTON LEANDRO (Secretary)
GARCIA SANTOS, MARIA ISABEL (Member)

Summary
Colorectal cancer is one of the etiological types with one of the highest incidence and mortality rates worldwide. Its pathogenesis involves both genetic and environmental factors. Among these, diet stands out as a key and modifiable element in the prevention and progression of this disease. This study aims to analyze the influence of diet on colorectal cancer through a comprehensive literature review, identifying foods and dietary patterns that increase risk, such as processed meat and alcohol consumption, versus those with protective properties, such as dietary fiber, fruits, vegetables, and antioxidants. Additionally, the underlying biological mechanisms are explored, including chronic inflammation, DNA damage, and alterations in the gut microbiota, along with epidemiological evidence. Finally, dietary recommendations based on the findings are highlighted, emphasizing the importance of nutritional education as a tool to reduce the incidence of colorectal cancer.

Direction
PEREZ-PARALLE MERA, MARIA LUZ (Tutorships)

Court
SALGADO SECO, MODESTO RAMON (Chairman)
MARTINEZ RODRIGUEZ, ANTON LEANDRO (Secretary)
GARCIA SANTOS, MARIA ISABEL (Member)

Summary
Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecological neoplasm in developed countries, largely due to its late diagnosis and the limited efficacy of conventional treatments. Paclitaxel-based chemotherapy has limitations associated with its low solubility and adverse effects resulting from the lack of cellular specificity. In this study, we propose the development of poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) nanoparticles coated with tumor-associated macrophage (M2) membranes, which can enhance the stability of nanoparticulate systems and target tumors to improve treatment efficacy. As an initial phase, PLGA nanoparticles containing paclitaxel were developed using nanoprecipitation, along with nanovesicles derived from M2 macrophage membranes. The obtained nanoparticles and nanovesicles were characterized using techniques such as dynamic light scattering (DLS) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The resulting systems demonstrated suitable size, purity, surface charge, and stability in bio-relevant media, as well as a high paclitaxel encapsulation efficiency. Coating the developed nanoparticles with the obtained nanovesicles could improve biocompatibility, prolong circulation time, and facilitate targeted drug delivery. This approach represents a first step toward a biomimetic strategy that could optimize paclitaxel administration and minimize side effects in the treatment of ovarian cancer.

Direction
DIAZ RODRIGUEZ, PATRICIA (Tutorships)

Court
SALGADO SECO, MODESTO RAMON (Chairman)
MARTINEZ RODRIGUEZ, ANTON LEANDRO (Secretary)
GARCIA SANTOS, MARIA ISABEL (Member)

Summary
Prostate cancer is defined as a disease characterized by abnormal and excessive growth of prostate cells. This pathology can be diagnosed through different exploration mechanisms, physical such as a rectal exploration, serological such as the analysis of prostate-specific antigen (PSA), or others such as magnetic resonance and biopsies. This diagnostic will play a fundamental role in the morbidity of the disease since, if detected in premature phases, those affected will have a higher quality of life and greater life expectancy. Additionally, treatments will have been correlated with the stage and type of pathology, and the disease can be approached by invasive treatments. In fact, current treatment options are more effective if they are combined. Currently, new therapies are being investigated, such as the application of nanotechnology or gene therapy, seeking to reduce the adverse effects of the previous ones.

Direction
OTERO ESPINAR, FRANCISCO JAVIER (Tutorships)

Court
SALGADO SECO, MODESTO RAMON (Chairman)
MARTINEZ RODRIGUEZ, ANTON LEANDRO (Secretary)
GARCIA SANTOS, MARIA ISABEL (Member)

Summary
The present literature review focuses on analyzing and synthesizing current scientific evidence on the complex relationship between the intestinal microbiota and depression, with the main objective of understanding the underlying mechanisms, clinical implications and possible therapeutic strategies. The methodology used consisted of an exhaustive search in scientific databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and PsycINFO. The selected articles that explored the relationship between the intestinal microbiota and depression, covering pathophysiological mechanisms, alterations in the composition of the microbiota in patients with depression and effects of interventions (probiotics, prebiotics, diet, fecal transplant) on depressive symptoms. The results of the review confirm the existence of a close relationship between intestinal dysbiosis and depression, highlighting the role of microbial metabolites (SCFAs, neurotransmitters), modulation of the blood-brain barrier, activation of the immune system and signaling through the vagus nerve. It is concluded that the modulation of the intestinal microbiota represents a promising avenue for the development of new therapeutic interventions in the field of depression, including the use of probiotics, prebiotics, dietary modifications and, in specific cases, fecal microbiota transplantation. , in addition to the possible synergy with conventional treatments such as antidepressants and psychotherapy.

Direction
DE MIGUEL BOUZAS, MARIA TRINIDAD (Tutorships)

Court
ARES MAZAS, MARIA ELVIRA (Chairman)
RIOS RODRIGUEZ, MARIA DEL CARMEN (Secretary)
OTERO ESPINAR, FRANCISCO JAVIER (Member)

Summary
The pulmonary route has been used for centuries to delivery drugs, especially in the treatment of respiratory diseases. This route offers numerous advantages, such as rapid drug absorption and the ability to use low doses, which reduces systemic side effects. Despite these advantages, challenges remain in optimizing drugs bioavailability, such as the mechanical, chemical, and immunological barriers that protect the lungs and hinder the effective administration of drugs. This review presents some of the strategies being studied to increase the bioavailability of drugs administered via the pulmonary route. These strategies are based on the use of nanocarriers with different compositions, nanocrystals, and microspheres to distribute the drugs uniformly throughout the respiratory system, improve their stability and solubility, and enhance the effectiveness of treatments for different pulmonary diseases. Research in this area remains crucial to improving current pulmonary delivery strategies and developing new solutions that can overcome existing challenges.

Direction
DIAZ RODRIGUEZ, PATRICIA (Tutorships)

Court
ARES MAZAS, MARIA ELVIRA (Chairman)
RIOS RODRIGUEZ, MARIA DEL CARMEN (Secretary)
OTERO ESPINAR, FRANCISCO JAVIER (Member)

Summary
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic and progressive inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that selectively affects the colonic mucosa, leading to ulcerations and a persistent inflammatory state. Its pathogenesis is multifactorial, involving genetic predisposition, immune system dysfunction, and environmental factors. In recent years, the introduction of advanced therapies, such as biologic agents and targeted small molecules, has significantly changed the therapeutic approach to UC, improving clinical response rates. The continuous development of new therapeutic agents is crucial for optimizing the management of UC. Among emerging strategies, therapies with alternative administration routes (oral) stand out, such as Janus kinase inhibitors (JAKi) and sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor (S1PR) modulators, as well as drugs with novel mechanisms of action, like apremilast, a phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitor. Additionally, new selective biologic agents, such as IL-23 inhibitors, are also included. The drugs analyzed in this review have shown efficacy and safety in phase II and III clinical trials, offering effective alternatives. JAK inhibitors and IL-23 inhibitors have demonstrated good clinical outcomes, with high efficacy in inducing clinical remission and a faster onset of action compared to currently used biologic agents. However, JAK inhibitors carry a high risk of adverse effects related to immunosuppression, increasing the risk of infections and other complications.

Direction
MARTINEZ RODRIGUEZ, ANTON LEANDRO (Tutorships)

Court
ARES MAZAS, MARIA ELVIRA (Chairman)
RIOS RODRIGUEZ, MARIA DEL CARMEN (Secretary)
OTERO ESPINAR, FRANCISCO JAVIER (Member)

Summary
The microbiota comprises a diverse community of microorganisms that colonize our body. It exhibits significant interindividual variability and is acquired over the years as it adapts according to our sex, diet and lifestyle habits. This association with the microbiota can be symbiotic, contributing to essential metabolic functions, or dysbiotic, producing a physiological alteration that can lead to different pathologies. Probiotics are live microorganisms that, when administered in appropriate doses, can promote the growth of these beneficial bacteria. This bibliographic review will discuss the role of the microbiota in different female genitourinary diseases, inflammatory gastrointestinal diseases and diseases such as anxiety, depression or alzheimer's. Furthermore, it will explore how probiotics can help improve the symptoms of these pathologies through different mechanisms and will report examples of studies in which the role of these probiotics in the diseases mentioned has been reviewed. Nowadays, probiotic supplementation is primarily recommended by pharmacists, underscoring the relevance of clinical guidelines that specify commercial probiotic formulations, strain-specific applications for each pathology, and appropriate dosing regimens. Probiotics have demonstrated efficacy in various diseases, although there have been studies in which this evidence was not supported, even so, they represent a clinical potential for the future due to their potential health benefits, their favorable safety profile and their easy access.

Direction
RODRIGUEZ BERNALDO DE QUIROS, ANA ISABEL (Tutorships)

Court
ARES MAZAS, MARIA ELVIRA (Chairman)
RIOS RODRIGUEZ, MARIA DEL CARMEN (Secretary)
OTERO ESPINAR, FRANCISCO JAVIER (Member)

Summary
Neuropathic pain, comprising a range of heterogeneous conditions, is often difficult to manage, and this may result in a chronic condition. It negatively affects the overall functioning and quality of life in patients, with a prevalence close to 10% of the population. It represents a therapeutic challenge due to the limited pharmacological efficacy of the drugs approved for its treatment, it is therefore necessary to develop new therapeutic strategies. This review revises the pharmacological treatments currently approved and marketed, as well as the different therapeutic lines to which they belong. Its mechanisms of action, therapeutic indications, and its levels of efficacy and safety are described. In addition, some of the new therapeutic alternatives under investigation, those that are in clinical trials in humans and new molecular targets in development are presented.

Direction
LOZA GARCIA, MARIA ISABEL (Tutorships)

Court
ARES MAZAS, MARIA ELVIRA (Chairman)
RIOS RODRIGUEZ, MARIA DEL CARMEN (Secretary)
OTERO ESPINAR, FRANCISCO JAVIER (Member)

Summary
The abuse of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) by bodybuilders to enhance physical performance has been increasing over time, creating significant health risks. Although they were initially used for therapeutic purposes, their non-medical use has risen, causing serious adverse effects such as cardiovascular problems (hypertension and heart damage), liver alterations (toxicity and tumor risk), and hormonal imbalances. The motivations for athletes to use these substances include the pursuit of aesthetic improvements, increased strength and performance, and social pressure, often minimizing the associated risks. The research highlights the need for public policies that raise awareness of the long-term dangers of their abuse.

Direction
FERNANDEZ MASAGUER, JORGE CHRISTIAN (Tutorships)

Court
LEIRO VIDAL, JOSE MANUEL (Chairman)
LIMA RODRIGUEZ, LUIS JESUS (Secretary)
LOPEZ HERNANDEZ, MARIA JULIA CELIA (Member)

Summary
Fentanyl, a synthetic opioid 100 times stronger than morphine, has caused an alarming increase in drug overdose deaths, especially in the United States. Originally designed as a painkiller to treat severe pain in patients with cancer or other severe conditions, it diverted through illicit distribution, aggravating the opioid crisis. The high potency of fentanyl, along with the combination of other ilegal substances and drugs, has been one of the main causes of the increase in overdosing, as users are often unaware of the amount they are consuming, leading to fatal overdoses. This phenomenon has also increased the risk of serotonin syndrome, caused by combining opioids with other drugs or substances that affect serotonin levels. Fentanyl abuse is linked to social and economic factors such as alcohol use disorders, other drug use, limited access to medical treatments, and psychiatric disorders. This causes many people to become trapped in the cycle of use and addiction. To fight this crisis, various preventive and intervention measures have been implemented, such as increasing the availability of naloxone, a medicine that can reverse an opioid overdose. Educational programs for patients and healthcare professionals have also been carried out to raise awareness the risks of fentanyl use. Stricter control policies have been implemented on opioid prescription and regulations have been strengthened to combat their illicit distribution. However, the crisis persists.

Direction
BERMEJO BARRERA, ANA MARIA (Tutorships)

Court
LEIRO VIDAL, JOSE MANUEL (Chairman)
LIMA RODRIGUEZ, LUIS JESUS (Secretary)
LOPEZ HERNANDEZ, MARIA JULIA CELIA (Member)

Summary
The development of biosimilar medicines has supposed a revolution in the field of healthcare, offering equivalent and more accessible alternatives to treatments with biological medicines. These biosimilar medicines must meet a series of requirements in order to be authorised. Through this analysis, we will learn about the procedures and requirements that a biosimilar medicine must fulfil in order to be authorised in the European Union. In addition, we will carry out a comparison between 5 global regulatory agencies, EMA (European Union), MHRU (United Kingdom) FDA (United States), Health Canada (Canada) and TGA (Australia), highlighting the similarities and differences that exist in terms of authorisation and regulation of these medicines. In addition, we will compare how these differences affect the success experienced by the biologics themselves in their respective jurisdictions.

Direction
Sánchez Barreiro, Alejandro (Tutorships)

Court
LEIRO VIDAL, JOSE MANUEL (Chairman)
LIMA RODRIGUEZ, LUIS JESUS (Secretary)
LOPEZ HERNANDEZ, MARIA JULIA CELIA (Member)

Summary
Currently, the use of nanostructures with therapeutic application for drug delivery and release (e.g. micellar systems) is widespread due to their unique properties that make them indispensable in biomedical and other fields. In this work we describe the systematic study of a series of amphiphilic molecules that form self-replicating micelles, i.e. capable of making copies of themselves. Our system uses two reactive precursors that generate peptide amphiphiles in situ capable of assembling micelles that catalyse their own synthesis, generating identical copies of themselves. The study consisted of combinatorially analysing a collection of precursors of different sizes to finally identify the smallest amphiphile necessary for the formation of self-replicating micelles. These results contribute to the design of functional nanostructures, beyond their traditional use as simple drug vehicles, by giving them properties - such as self-replication - that can amplify their therapeutic effect.

Direction
INSUA LOPEZ, IGNACIO (Tutorships)

Court
LEIRO VIDAL, JOSE MANUEL (Chairman)
LIMA RODRIGUEZ, LUIS JESUS (Secretary)
LOPEZ HERNANDEZ, MARIA JULIA CELIA (Member)

Summary
Depression affects hundreds of millions of people worldwide, and not everyone is able to respond to conventional treatments, such as antidepressants combined with cognitive-behavioral therapy. This is known as Treatment Ressistant Depression (TRD) and it’s currently not well controlled with the available antidepressant drugs. Lately, ketamine has been noticed for having activity against this condition, which has led to the exploration of psychedelic compounds as a therapeutic alternative. The objective of this study was to conduct a bibliographic review to examine the scientific evidence regarding the use of psilocybin, an alkaloid derived from the Psilocybe mexicana mushroom, for the treatment of treatment-resistant depression. As a result, this compound was found to have significant and broad therapeutic potential, both for treating TRD and for being investigated in other conditions. Although research is still ongoing and most of the confirmed evidence comes from preclinical trials, it is undoubtedly worthy of continuing investigating due to the promising expectations. Among its effects, psilocybin has been shown to reduce depressive symptoms and anxiety, improve quality of life and enhance cognitive function… It achieves this by alterations in consciousness, emotions, perceptions… Although it’s not yet approved as a medication due to its high potential for non-compulsive abuse, repressents a promise approach in a pharmacological way for TRD. The primary goal is to further research the design and synthesis of analogs with significant therapeutic potential. Lately, the aim is to increase recovery rates among patients with depression and reduce the consequences of depressive symptoms, such as distress, sadness and, in more severe cases, suicidal tendencies.

Direction
BREA FLORIANI, JOSE MANUEL (Tutorships)

Court
LEIRO VIDAL, JOSE MANUEL (Chairman)
LIMA RODRIGUEZ, LUIS JESUS (Secretary)
LOPEZ HERNANDEZ, MARIA JULIA CELIA (Member)

Summary
Water is the basis of life on our planet, covering about 70% of the earth's surface and constitutes approximately 60% of the human being, fulfilling many vital functions in our body. The daily intake of water recommended by the World Health Organization is 2 L. Maintaining good hydration is a necessary habit that deserves to be studied in depth. Through this bibliographic review we have compiled data from different studies on the environmental effects, effects on human health and socioeconomic factors that influence the choice of drinking water in Spain, making comparisons between tap water and natural mineral water, in order to know which of the two options is better.

Direction
PARADELO NUÑEZ, REMIGIO (Tutorships)

Court
MUÑOZ CREGO, MARIA ANGELES (Chairman)
MALLAH NASRALLAH, NARMEEN (Secretary)
PARAJO MONTES, MARIA MERCEDES (Member)

Summary
Gender equity in biomedical research has been a topic of debate throughout the history of science and has gained increasing importance in recent decades. This undergraduate thesis critically examines the integration of gender perspectives in drug research and development (R+D), covering the entire process from preclinical studies to clinical trials. By analyzing previous studies and international regulations, this research explores how gender bias affects both specific diseases and medical practice in general, particularly regarding drug use. The findings highlight a predominant reliance on male models in preclinical studies, the overrepresentation of men in clinical trials, the lack of sex-specific analyses, and the application of treatments without adequately considering biological and social differences. These issues are particularly evident in conditions such as heart failure and depression.

Direction
ALVAREZ CASTRO, EZEQUIEL (Tutorships)

Court
MUÑOZ CREGO, MARIA ANGELES (Chairman)
MALLAH NASRALLAH, NARMEEN (Secretary)
PARAJO MONTES, MARIA MERCEDES (Member)

Summary
Dietary supplements are substances included in the regular diet, and their use is widely spread today. In the sports field, they are part of the daily routine of athletes looking to improve their endurance, performance, recovery, or overall physical health. This review collects the most commonly used ergogenic dietary supplements among amateur athletes aged between 18 and 40 years. The mechanism of action, the ergogenic effects they have, the different possible dosages, the forms in which they are available, and, finally, the adverse reactions that may arise from their consumption will be considered. The dietary supplements reviewed in this TFG are classified based on the scientific evidence supporting them, according to the criteria set by the Australian Institute of Sport. The first group will present those whose effects are supported by numerous studies and scientific articles, including caffeine, creatine, beta-alanine, and Vitamin D. The second group will include supplements that are widely used but lack proven scientific backing, such as beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate and magnesium.

Direction
RODRIGUEZ BERNALDO DE QUIROS, ANA ISABEL (Tutorships)

Court
MUÑOZ CREGO, MARIA ANGELES (Chairman)
MALLAH NASRALLAH, NARMEEN (Secretary)
PARAJO MONTES, MARIA MERCEDES (Member)

Summary
This work studies the interaction between two kinds of solid lipid components of nanostructured drug carriers (glycerol monostearate and Compritol 888 ATO), and between these lipids and the monoclonal antibody bevacizumab. This drug is used in the treatment of age-related macular degeneration, a disease of the retina that causes vision loss. The motivation for this study is the increase of drug bioavailability in the vitreous humour through sustained delivery, in order to minimise how often patients must undergo invasive procedures such as the inoculation of the drug into the vitreous body of the eye. For the analysis of the lipids and their interactions with the antibody, one-molecule thick films of surfactant molecules spread at the air/water interface, called Langmuir monolayers, were obtained and studied. These monolayers can be laterally compressed, yielding surface pressure-molecular area (pi-A) isotherms, which are used to characterise the behaviour of the surfactant species in the film, as well as their interaction with water-soluble drugs. The isotherms were mathematically processed in order to obtain more information on rigidity, interactions and stability in monolayers of more than one component. Results show both types of lipids form stable monolayers, their equimolar mix is favoured both mechanically and thermodynamically, and bevacizumab interacts preferentially with mixed films. This information allows for the optimisation of the composition of nanostructured drug carriers so they may better respond to clinical needs.

Direction
CASAS PARADA, MATILDE (Tutorships)

Court
MUÑOZ CREGO, MARIA ANGELES (Chairman)
MALLAH NASRALLAH, NARMEEN (Secretary)
PARAJO MONTES, MARIA MERCEDES (Member)

Summary
CAR-T cell therapy has represented a significant advance in the treatment of hematologic neoplasms. The action of this therapy is based on two fundamental aspects of the chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) protein: the ability to recognize tumor antigens and the subsequent activation of T lymphocytes to tactivate their defense mechanisms. Although it has demonstrated therapeutic efficacy, there are still many limitations. These challenges are not only present in the therapy for hematologic tumors, where adverse reactions and long-term failure are common, but also when trying to achieve therapeutic efficacy beyond hematologic tumors. To overcome these barriers, numerous investigations are being conducted to optimize CAR-T cell therapy. These studies focus on improving the CAR protein itself and on combining this therapy with other therapeutic approaches. Additionally, research is opening the door to new cell therapies based on the original CAR-T, such as CAR-NK, which are based on the mechanism of conventional CAR-T, but using other cell lines that do not present the same issues.

Direction
RODRIGUEZ PEREZ, ANA ISABEL (Tutorships)

Court
MUÑOZ CREGO, MARIA ANGELES (Chairman)
MALLAH NASRALLAH, NARMEEN (Secretary)
PARAJO MONTES, MARIA MERCEDES (Member)

Summary
Dinoflagellates are a diverse group of microalgae essential to aquatic ecosystems, playing a key role as primary producers and regulators of marine nutrients. However, their excessive proliferation, known as harmful algal blooms (HAB) or red tides, can generate toxins that negatively affect marine biodiversity, water quality, economic activities (fishing, shellfish farming, tourism) and human health, especially through the consumption of contaminated shellfish. The Galician estuaries have ideal conditions for the development of these microalgae, facing threats derived from diseases caused by these toxins, paralytic (PSP) and diarrheal shellfish poisoning (DSP). Current legislation is crucial to prevent and control these risks through environmental monitoring and sanitary control of marine products. This final degree project analyses the diversity of dinoflagellates in Galician estuaries, their impact on public health and the legislative strategies applied to mitigate these risks, exploring biological, ecological, technological and regulatory aspects related to their management.

Direction
ROMERO BUJAN, MARIA INMACULADA (Tutorships)

Court
ALVAREZ CASTRO, EZEQUIEL (Chairman)
CARRILLO BARRAL, NESTOR (Secretary)
FERRO COSTAS, DAVID (Member)