Fisiología Humana

To understand the human physiology since it is the mother of several biological and basic biomedical sciences in which the Odontology is based to assure a correct dental attendance. Specifically:
1. Knowledge of the structure and normal functions of the organism and each of the organs and systems that shape it.
2. Knowledge of the mechanisms of the membrane as well as the molecular, biochemical and cellular mechanisms that allow the maintenance of corporal homeostasis.
3. To establish relations between the knowledge of the physiological field and that of other subjects of the degree, in order to understand the structure and normal function of the stomatognatic system.

Introduction
Unit 1.- Concept of physiology. Evolution of the concept of physiology. Physiology in Odontology.

Thematic Unit I: Internal environment and body fluids
Unit 2.- Concept of internal environment. Functional organization of the human body and control of the internal environment. Concept of Homeostasis. Control systems of the body. Characteristics of control mechanisms.
Unit 3.- The body fluid compartments: Extracellular and Intracellular fluid compartments. Constituents of extracellular and intracellular fluids. Regulation of fluid exchange and osmotic equilibrium between intracellular and extracellular fluid. Measurement of fluid volumes in the different body fluid compartments. The indicator-dilution principle.

Thematic Unit II: Nervous System
Unit 4.- Functional organization of the nervous system.
Unit 5.- Electrochemical potential. Membrane potential. Action potential: threshold, summation, refractory period. Conduction of the nerve impulse and propagation speed.
Unit 6.- Synapses: neuromuscular junction. Synapses between nervous cellules. Nerve endings in smooth muscle.
Unit 7.- Skeletal muscle: mechanics of skeletal muscle contraction. Electric activity. Muscle action potential. Excitation-contraction coupling. Metabolic characteristics. Smooth muscle.
Unit 8.- Sensory receptors: types of information and receptors. Receptor-nerve interaction. Primary, secondary and tertiary sensory neuron. Propioceptors: muscular and tendinous receptors. Extereoceptors: skin sensitivity.
Unit 9.- Central projections of the sensorial receptors. Sensory systems: spinal cord, brainstem, thalamus, cerebral cortex.
Unit 10.- General organization of the movement. Organization of the spinal cord: spinal reflexes. Posture control. Walk. Voluntary movement.
Unit 11.- Autonomous nervous system. Hypothalamus?limbic system.

Thematic Unit III Saliva
Unit 12.- Saliva secretion: components and functions. Mechanisms of saliva secretion. Control of the saliva secretion.

Thematic Unit IV Blood
Unit 13.- Blood plasma. Functions of blood plasma. Inorganic and organic composition. Plasma proteins. Concentration and classification. Functions of the plasma proteins.
Unit 14.- Hemostasis and blood coagulation.
Unit 15.- Red blood cells. Functions of red blood cells. Production and destruction of red blood cells. Formation of haemoglobin. Iron metabolism. Blood groups. O-A-B blood groups. Rh blood types.

Thematic Unit V The cardiovascular system
Unit 16.- The cardiac pump. The Cardiac cycle. Electric events of the cardiac cycle. Mechanical events of the cardiac cycle.
Unit 17.- Regulation of heart pumping. Cardiac output. Cardiac rate. Force of contraction. Intrinsic regulation of heart pumping: The Frank-Starling mechanism. Control of the heart by the autonomous nervous system.
Unit 18.- The circulation. Physical characteristics of the circulation. Arterial side of the circulation. Venous side of the circulation. Pressures in the cardiovascular system. Measurement of arterial blood pressure. Control of arterial blood pressure.
Thematic Unit VI The respiratory system
Unit 19.- Pulmonary ventilation. Mechanics of pulmonary ventilation. Pulmonary volumes and capacities. Alveolar ventilation.
Unit 20.- Pulmonary circulation. Physiologic anatomy of the pulmonary circulatory system. Pressures in the pulmonary system. Blood flow through the lungs and its distribution. Effect of the hydrostatic pressure gradients in the lungs on regional pulmonary blood flow. Ventilation-Perfusion ratio. Diffusion of gases through the respiratory membrane. Effect of the ventilation-Perfusion ratio on alveolar gas concentration. Useful methods for studying pulmonary function.
Unit 21.- Regulation of pulmonary ventilation. The respiratory center. Chemical control of pulmonary ventilation. Central and peripheral chemoreceptor systems. Mechanisms of generation of rhythmic respiratory output. Modulation of respiratory output. Stretch receptors.

Thematic Unit VII The Kidney
Unit 22.- Physiological anatomy of the kidneys. General organization of the kidneys and urinary tract. Renal blood supply. The nephron as the functional unit of the kidney. Glomerular filtration. Renal blood flow.
Unit 23.- Function of the proximal convoluted tubules. Function of the loops of Henle. Function of the distal parts of the nephrons. Function of the ureters and bladder.
Unit 24.- Regulation of extracellular fluid osmolarity and sodium concentration.
Unit 25.- Renal mechanisms for control of blood volume and extracellular fluid volume.
Unit 26.- Buffering of hydrogen ions in the body fluids.
Unit 27.- Acid-base balance. Respiratory regulation of acid-base balance. Renal control of acid-base balance.

Thematic Unit VIII Endocrine system
Unit 28.- Chemical nature of hormones and Mechanisms of action of hormones.
Unit 29.- Regulation of carbohydrate metabolism
Unit 30.- Calcium and phosphate homeostasis.

-Fisiología Humana (14ª edición). Stuart Ira Fox. McGraw-Hill/Interamericana. 2017.
-Fisiología Humana. Derrickson, B.. Panamericana. 2018.
-Tratado de Fisiología médica (14ª edición). Guyton A.C., Hall J.E. McGraw-Hill/Interamericana. 2021.
-Fisiología humana: un enfoque integrado (8ª edición). Silverthorn, D.U. Panamericana. 2019.
-Principios de Anatomía y Fisiología (15ª edición). Tortora, G.J. & Derrickson, B. Panamericana. 2018.
-Fisiología (6ª edición). Constanzo, L.S. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2018.
-Fisiología (7ª edición). Berne R.M., Levy M.T. Elsevier Mosby. 2018.
-Medical Physiology (3ª edición). Boron Boulpaep. Elsevier. 2017.
-PhysioEx 10.0 Laboratory Simulations in Physiology. Pearson. 2021.

Knowledge
Con01.-Know the biomedical sciences on which Dentistry is based to ensure correct oral and dental care. These sciences should include appropriate contents of:• Embryology, anatomy, histology and physiology of the human body.
• Genetics, Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology.
• Microbiology and immunology
Con02.-Know the morphology and function of the stomatognathic system, including appropriate contents of specific embryology, anatomy, histology and physiology.

Competences
Comp01.-Ability to analyse and synthesize.
Comp02.-Ability to organize and plan.
Comp03.-Oral and written communication in one's own language.
Comp05.-Basic computer handling skills.
Comp06.-Information management skills (ability to search for and analyze information from various sources).
Comp07.-Problem solving.
Comp08.-Decision making.
Comp09.-Critical and self-critical capacity.
Comp10.-Teamwork.
Comp11.-Interpersonal skills.
Comp17.-Ability to apply knowledge in practice.
Comp19.-Autonomous learning capacity
Comp24.-Ability to work autonomously.
Comp27.-Concern for quality.
Comp28.-Achievement motivation.

Skills or abilities
H/D18.-Know, critically evaluate and know how to use sources of clinical and biomedical information to obtain, organize, interpret and communicate scientific and health information.
H/D19.-Know the scientific method and have critical capacity to evaluate established knowledge and new information. Be able to formulate hypotheses, collect and critically evaluate information for problem solving, following the scientific method.
H/D07.-Promote the autonomous learning of new knowledge and techniques, as well as the motivation for quality.
H/D08.-Know how to share information with other health professionals and work in a team.
H/D11.-Understand the basic biomedical sciences on which Dentistry is based to ensure correct oral and dental care.
H/D12.-Understand and recognize the normal structure and function of the stomatognathic system, at the molecular, cellular, tissue and organic levels, in the different stages of life.

Presentation in the classroom of the concepts and procedures related to the contents of the subject (expository teaching).

Activities in the classroom related to group monitoring of the topics proposed to be developed in seminar format (interactive seminar teaching).

Computer practices using simulators of physiological situations (interactive laboratory teaching).

Tutoring in small groups and individuals.

The evaluation will be carried out by:
1) Final specific test (80% of the final grade for the course)
The training activities for the presentation of knowledge and procedures and the individual study of the student will be evaluated through a specific final test that will consist of a battery of multiple-choice questions with 4 possible options, of which only one will be correct.
To pass the test, at least 50% of the maximum score must be reached, taking into account that each incorrect answer subtracts 33.3% from each correct answer.

2) Continuous assessment (20% of the final grade for the course)
The training activities, both individual and group, carried out by the student (presentations, works, evaluations, laboratory classes...), will be evaluated from the documentation provided by the student and / or generated by the virtual campus of lab simulator, as well as in their case the skills and attitudes shown during these activities (20% of the final grade for the course).

To take into account the score obtained in activities other than the final specific test, it will be necessary to obtain a minimum of 3,8 points of the maximum score of the final test (8 points), as well as regularly attend both the expository and interactive classes (minimum attendance of 80% of the total), being consider justified absents the situations included in "Normativa de Asistencia a Clase en las Enseñanzas adaptadas al Espacio Europeo de Educación Superior" (CG 25th of march, 2010).

In order to pass the subject it in both oportunities is essential to have done the practices and passed the corresponding reports generated by the simulator.

Students enrolled in previous calls if they do not wish will not have to repeat the practices, like the rest of the activities included in the continuous assessment section, in the case of having passed them in the two previous academic years, keeping the corresponding grade.

Students enrolled in previous calls, if they do not wish, will not have to repeat the practices like the rest of the activities included in the continuous assessment section, as long as they have passed them exceeding the minimum attendance requirements throughout the two previous academic years, in accordance with the previsions of article 5 of the Class Attendance Regulations in Teaching Adapted to the European Higher Education Area (CG March 25, 2010), in reference to the student who was enrolled in the subject and exceed the attendance requirements in the previous two courses. In this case, the corresponding note out of 10 will be kept, adjusting to 20% of the final grade for the subject.

For the second opportunity of the call, the criteria set for the first opportunity will apply.

In cases of fraudulent performance of exercises or tests, the provisions of the “Regulations for the evaluation of student academic performance and review of grades” will apply.

Contact activities:
Theoretical sessions: 40 hours.
Practical sessions: 8 hours.
Seminars: 8 hours.
Tutorials: 3 hours.
Assessment: 1 hour.
Total contact activities: 60 hours.

Non-contact activities:
Individual work: 40 hours.
Searching information and carrying out of works: 20 hours.
Solving of problems: 8 hours.
Use of the e-classroom and review of material of support: 22 hours.
Total non-contact activities: 90 hours.

Total contact activities + non-contact activities: 150 hours.

-Dedication of the necessary resources to acquire a high command of the content, competences and skills raised by the teacher at the beginning, both of the subject and of each of the thematic blocks of which it consists, because they constitute the basis on resting the learning of the subject.

-Participation in all scheduled activities, both face-to-face and non-face-to-face.

-Use of the complementary resources available in the virtual campus classroom, such as presentations, videos, tutorials, self-assessment tests and evaluation with feedback system, etc.

-Use of tutorials, both face-to-face and virtual. In scenarios 2 and 3, the use of all the tools available in the virtual classroom is especially important to maintain contact with both classmates and teachers of the subject. The use of the virtual campus as a centralization system for all information (chats, forums, bulletin boards, calendars, etc.) is very important, although in certain situations other corporate communication tools (email, MS) may also be used TEAMS, etc.).

-Use of the recommended bibliography, on paper and / or in electronic format depending on availability, to get used to the simultaneous handling of different texts and the use of notes taken during teaching activities merely as scripts for the study of the subject.

Although there is no legal prerequisite for taking this subject, it is essential to have an adequate knowledge of the macroscopic and microscopic anatomy of the different organs and systems of the body, especially the stomatognathic apparatus.
Knowledge of the molecular and metabolic functioning of eukaryotic biological systems and of the laws and mechanisms that regulate enzyme reactions is an essential prerequisite.
It is also advisable and desirable to possess an adequate knowledge of the fundamental physical laws of application in the functioning of biological systems.
It is very convenient to be able to read texts in English, as well as to operate a personal computer at the basic user level.