Risk assessment of estrogens exposure through the consumption of dairy products
Authorship
C.A.C.
Bachelor in Veterinary
C.A.C.
Bachelor in Veterinary
Defense date
09.12.2025 09:30
09.12.2025 09:30
Summary
European food safety policies and new technologies have highlighted the large number of substances present in food that are potentially harmful to consumer health. Estrogens, whether synthetic or natural, may be present in dairy products of bovine origin due to environmental contamination, veterinary treatments, or endogenous sources from the animal itself. In such cases, these estrogenic components will be able to act on the consumer's hormone receptors and may affect their health. Despite strict European regulations prohibiting the use of substances with hormonal effects in livestock farming, the absence of these compounds in food cannot be guaranteed, particularly in the case of natural compounds. This study aims to review the scientific literature published over the last decade on the presence of estrogenic compounds in dairy products of bovine origin, assessing the risk of exposure to consumers. The results obtained demonstrate a wide variability in estrogen concentrations, depending on the type of dairy product and the analytical method employed. In general, higher levels were detected in whole milk and products with high lipid content, such as cream or butter. In conclusion, although most studies do not indicate a clear risk for the general population, there is a need for further research, particularly in vulnerable populations such as children and pregnant women, and on the cumulative effect of chronic exposure.
European food safety policies and new technologies have highlighted the large number of substances present in food that are potentially harmful to consumer health. Estrogens, whether synthetic or natural, may be present in dairy products of bovine origin due to environmental contamination, veterinary treatments, or endogenous sources from the animal itself. In such cases, these estrogenic components will be able to act on the consumer's hormone receptors and may affect their health. Despite strict European regulations prohibiting the use of substances with hormonal effects in livestock farming, the absence of these compounds in food cannot be guaranteed, particularly in the case of natural compounds. This study aims to review the scientific literature published over the last decade on the presence of estrogenic compounds in dairy products of bovine origin, assessing the risk of exposure to consumers. The results obtained demonstrate a wide variability in estrogen concentrations, depending on the type of dairy product and the analytical method employed. In general, higher levels were detected in whole milk and products with high lipid content, such as cream or butter. In conclusion, although most studies do not indicate a clear risk for the general population, there is a need for further research, particularly in vulnerable populations such as children and pregnant women, and on the cumulative effect of chronic exposure.
Direction
REGAL LÓPEZ, PATRICIA (Tutorships)
LAMAS FREIRE, ALEXANDRE (Co-tutorships)
REGAL LÓPEZ, PATRICIA (Tutorships)
LAMAS FREIRE, ALEXANDRE (Co-tutorships)
Court
RODRÍGUEZ VIEYTES, MARÍA MERCEDES (Chairman)
FERNANDEZ VILLA, CANDELA (Secretary)
MONDRAGON PORTOCARRERO, ALICIA DEL CARMEN (Member)
RODRÍGUEZ VIEYTES, MARÍA MERCEDES (Chairman)
FERNANDEZ VILLA, CANDELA (Secretary)
MONDRAGON PORTOCARRERO, ALICIA DEL CARMEN (Member)
Culicids of sanitary importance in Galicia
Authorship
B.C.G.
Bachelor in Veterinary
B.C.G.
Bachelor in Veterinary
Defense date
09.12.2025 09:30
09.12.2025 09:30
Summary
Mosquitoes are dipterans of great sanitary importance due to their vector capacity for many diseases. However, this capacity depends on very complex relationships between the pathogens and the mosquitoes themselves, which means that only certain species can act as vectors for specific diseases. For this reason, it is very important to know the distribution of species of sanitary interest to assess the risk of transmission in each area and take measures to mitigate it. The objective of this study was to determine the culicid species present in Galicia, and their geographical distribution, as well as the sanitary risk they pose and the periods of highest incidence. To this end, an entomological study was carried out during 2024 throughout the entire Galician territory. For the capture of culicid specimens, dipping methods and oviposition traps were used for the capture of immature stages, while BG-Sentinel and CDC-UV traps were used for the capture of adults. The analysis of these samplings evidenced the presence of the following species of sanitary interest: Culex pipiens, Cx. hortensis, Cx. theileri, Cx. modestus, Culiseta longiareolata, Cs. annulata, Anopheles claviger/petragnani, An. maculipennis, An. plumbeus, and Aedes vexans, but no invasive species were detected. The presence of species of sanitary interest reinforces the need to continue entomological surveillance in Galicia, and thus be able to implement programs for the prevention and control of mosquito-borne diseases.
Mosquitoes are dipterans of great sanitary importance due to their vector capacity for many diseases. However, this capacity depends on very complex relationships between the pathogens and the mosquitoes themselves, which means that only certain species can act as vectors for specific diseases. For this reason, it is very important to know the distribution of species of sanitary interest to assess the risk of transmission in each area and take measures to mitigate it. The objective of this study was to determine the culicid species present in Galicia, and their geographical distribution, as well as the sanitary risk they pose and the periods of highest incidence. To this end, an entomological study was carried out during 2024 throughout the entire Galician territory. For the capture of culicid specimens, dipping methods and oviposition traps were used for the capture of immature stages, while BG-Sentinel and CDC-UV traps were used for the capture of adults. The analysis of these samplings evidenced the presence of the following species of sanitary interest: Culex pipiens, Cx. hortensis, Cx. theileri, Cx. modestus, Culiseta longiareolata, Cs. annulata, Anopheles claviger/petragnani, An. maculipennis, An. plumbeus, and Aedes vexans, but no invasive species were detected. The presence of species of sanitary interest reinforces the need to continue entomological surveillance in Galicia, and thus be able to implement programs for the prevention and control of mosquito-borne diseases.
Direction
CAZAPAL MONTEIRO, CRISTIANA FILIPA (Tutorships)
ABREU RAMOS, INES ISABEL (Co-tutorships)
CAZAPAL MONTEIRO, CRISTIANA FILIPA (Tutorships)
ABREU RAMOS, INES ISABEL (Co-tutorships)
Court
ARIAS VAZQUEZ, MARIA SOL (Chairman)
Flament Simon, Saskia Camille (Secretary)
REGAL LÓPEZ, PATRICIA (Member)
ARIAS VAZQUEZ, MARIA SOL (Chairman)
Flament Simon, Saskia Camille (Secretary)
REGAL LÓPEZ, PATRICIA (Member)
Displacement of the abomasum in dairy cattle: etiopathogenesis, diagnosis and surgical approaches
Authorship
A.C.A.
Bachelor in Veterinary
A.C.A.
Bachelor in Veterinary
Defense date
09.12.2025 09:30
09.12.2025 09:30
Summary
Abomasal displacement is one of the most relevant digestive disorders in high-producing dairy cows, particularly during the transition period. This study addresses the anatomical, etiological, clinical, diagnostic, therapeutic and preventive aspects related to this condition, highlighting its impact on animal welfare, productivity and farm economics. The most significant predisposing factors are analysed, including genetics, reproductive status, nutritional imbalances and associated metabolic diseases. The characteristic clinical signs of left and right abomasal displacement, as well as abomasal volvulus, are described, alongside complementary diagnostic tools such as haematobiochemical profiles, specific biomarkers and parameters like L-lactate. Treatment may be approached through conservative or surgical methods, with the latter generally being the most effective. However, early detection and appropriate postoperative management are key to therapeutic success. From an economic perspective, abomasal displacement results in considerable losses due to decreased mil production, veterinary costs and the risk of recurrence. Finally, preventive and control measures are emphasised, including a proper diet and sound management practices, always prioritising animal welfare. Abomasal displacement reflects imbalances in the production system and should be addressed through a comprehensive approach to enhace both sustainability and profitability on the farm.
Abomasal displacement is one of the most relevant digestive disorders in high-producing dairy cows, particularly during the transition period. This study addresses the anatomical, etiological, clinical, diagnostic, therapeutic and preventive aspects related to this condition, highlighting its impact on animal welfare, productivity and farm economics. The most significant predisposing factors are analysed, including genetics, reproductive status, nutritional imbalances and associated metabolic diseases. The characteristic clinical signs of left and right abomasal displacement, as well as abomasal volvulus, are described, alongside complementary diagnostic tools such as haematobiochemical profiles, specific biomarkers and parameters like L-lactate. Treatment may be approached through conservative or surgical methods, with the latter generally being the most effective. However, early detection and appropriate postoperative management are key to therapeutic success. From an economic perspective, abomasal displacement results in considerable losses due to decreased mil production, veterinary costs and the risk of recurrence. Finally, preventive and control measures are emphasised, including a proper diet and sound management practices, always prioritising animal welfare. Abomasal displacement reflects imbalances in the production system and should be addressed through a comprehensive approach to enhace both sustainability and profitability on the farm.
Direction
MUIÑO OTERO, RODRIGO (Tutorships)
MUIÑO OTERO, RODRIGO (Tutorships)
Court
ARIAS VAZQUEZ, MARIA SOL (Chairman)
Flament Simon, Saskia Camille (Secretary)
REGAL LÓPEZ, PATRICIA (Member)
ARIAS VAZQUEZ, MARIA SOL (Chairman)
Flament Simon, Saskia Camille (Secretary)
REGAL LÓPEZ, PATRICIA (Member)
Biological control of saprozoonosis and oil recycling: circular synergism
Authorship
J.C.S.
Bachelor in Veterinary
J.C.S.
Bachelor in Veterinary
Defense date
09.12.2025 09:30
09.12.2025 09:30
Summary
The intensive and prolonged use of antiparasitic treatments has led to an increase in parasite resistance to these drugs, which is especially notable in those affecting livestock animals. Due to this situation, the search for alternatives and complementary methods for the treatment and prevention of such parasitic infections is gaining increasing importance. Among these complementary prevention methods is biological control, which uses natural substances and metabolites, as well as living organisms, as sustainable and effective alternatives to reduce the presence of these parasites in the environment. In this study, the parasiticidal activity of Trichoderma atrobrunneum was evaluated, a fungus with proven efficacy against certain phytopathogens, although its potential against nematodes has not been widely documented. Its ovicidal activity against Ascaris suum was analyzed and compared with that of Mucor circinelloides and Clonostachys rosea over a 60-day period. Another aspect evaluated was the ovicidal capacity of T. atrobrunneum against Toxascaris leonina and Trichuris spp. in the presence of different percentages of used cooking oil over a 45-day period, where its activity was observed to persist. The fungus’s growth capacity in liquid media with varying percentages of used oil was also studied and compared with that of M. circinelloides. In both cases, low percentages (1%) of used cooking oil favored fungal development.
The intensive and prolonged use of antiparasitic treatments has led to an increase in parasite resistance to these drugs, which is especially notable in those affecting livestock animals. Due to this situation, the search for alternatives and complementary methods for the treatment and prevention of such parasitic infections is gaining increasing importance. Among these complementary prevention methods is biological control, which uses natural substances and metabolites, as well as living organisms, as sustainable and effective alternatives to reduce the presence of these parasites in the environment. In this study, the parasiticidal activity of Trichoderma atrobrunneum was evaluated, a fungus with proven efficacy against certain phytopathogens, although its potential against nematodes has not been widely documented. Its ovicidal activity against Ascaris suum was analyzed and compared with that of Mucor circinelloides and Clonostachys rosea over a 60-day period. Another aspect evaluated was the ovicidal capacity of T. atrobrunneum against Toxascaris leonina and Trichuris spp. in the presence of different percentages of used cooking oil over a 45-day period, where its activity was observed to persist. The fungus’s growth capacity in liquid media with varying percentages of used oil was also studied and compared with that of M. circinelloides. In both cases, low percentages (1%) of used cooking oil favored fungal development.
Direction
PAZ SILVA, ADOLFO (Tutorships)
HERNANDEZ MALAGON, JOSE ANGEL (Co-tutorships)
PAZ SILVA, ADOLFO (Tutorships)
HERNANDEZ MALAGON, JOSE ANGEL (Co-tutorships)
Court
ARIAS VAZQUEZ, MARIA SOL (Chairman)
Flament Simon, Saskia Camille (Secretary)
REGAL LÓPEZ, PATRICIA (Member)
ARIAS VAZQUEZ, MARIA SOL (Chairman)
Flament Simon, Saskia Camille (Secretary)
REGAL LÓPEZ, PATRICIA (Member)
Hip dysplasia in dogs
Authorship
E.F.G.
Bachelor in Veterinary
E.F.G.
Bachelor in Veterinary
Defense date
09.12.2025 09:30
09.12.2025 09:30
Summary
Canine hip dysplasia (CHD) is a multifactorial condition in which genetic factors play a predominant role, although various environmental factors such as diet, rapid growth, and excess body weight also influence its onset. This condition occurs most frequently in large, giant, and brachycephalic breeds (Schachner and Lopez, 2015). During the developmental stages, abnormal laxity in the hip joint can trigger a loss of alignment between the acetabulum and the femoral head. This misalignment leads to structural alterations in the joint, favoring the onset of synovitis, increased synovial fluid pressure, and possible subluxations or dislocations. These degenerative changes progress to degenerative joint disease (DED), characterized by anatomical changes, chronic inflammation, and pain of varying intensity (Carmona, 2018). The presence of laxity in the soft tissues of the hip causes instability, which ultimately leads to abnormal development of the hip joint. Lateral deviation of the femoral head generates an increase in joint reaction force, concentrating this pressure in a small area, especially between the 10 and 2 o'clock positions. This mechanical overload affects the dorsal edge of the acetabulum, leading to microfractures in the developing trabecular bone. In addition, the constant movement of the femoral head can stretch the fibrous joint capsule, causing tension and possible injury to the sensory nerves of the fibrous periosteum. The rupture of Sharpey's fibers and the activation of the periosteum are associated with pain and the formation of osteophytes in the acetabulum and femoral neck. In young animals, pain resulting from severe joint laxity manifests itself through signs such as exercise intolerance, displacement in rabbit hopping, difficulty getting up after periods of rest, and lameness that may be intermittent or constant. In adult animals, discomfort and dysfunction result from the development of osteoarthritis (OA), whose clinical signs include muscle atrophy in the hind limbs, difficulty standing up, stiffness in the pelvic limbs, and unwillingness to walk, run, or jump (Harper, T. A. M., 2017).
Canine hip dysplasia (CHD) is a multifactorial condition in which genetic factors play a predominant role, although various environmental factors such as diet, rapid growth, and excess body weight also influence its onset. This condition occurs most frequently in large, giant, and brachycephalic breeds (Schachner and Lopez, 2015). During the developmental stages, abnormal laxity in the hip joint can trigger a loss of alignment between the acetabulum and the femoral head. This misalignment leads to structural alterations in the joint, favoring the onset of synovitis, increased synovial fluid pressure, and possible subluxations or dislocations. These degenerative changes progress to degenerative joint disease (DED), characterized by anatomical changes, chronic inflammation, and pain of varying intensity (Carmona, 2018). The presence of laxity in the soft tissues of the hip causes instability, which ultimately leads to abnormal development of the hip joint. Lateral deviation of the femoral head generates an increase in joint reaction force, concentrating this pressure in a small area, especially between the 10 and 2 o'clock positions. This mechanical overload affects the dorsal edge of the acetabulum, leading to microfractures in the developing trabecular bone. In addition, the constant movement of the femoral head can stretch the fibrous joint capsule, causing tension and possible injury to the sensory nerves of the fibrous periosteum. The rupture of Sharpey's fibers and the activation of the periosteum are associated with pain and the formation of osteophytes in the acetabulum and femoral neck. In young animals, pain resulting from severe joint laxity manifests itself through signs such as exercise intolerance, displacement in rabbit hopping, difficulty getting up after periods of rest, and lameness that may be intermittent or constant. In adult animals, discomfort and dysfunction result from the development of osteoarthritis (OA), whose clinical signs include muscle atrophy in the hind limbs, difficulty standing up, stiffness in the pelvic limbs, and unwillingness to walk, run, or jump (Harper, T. A. M., 2017).
Direction
MUÑOZ GUZON, FERNANDO MARIA (Tutorships)
PERMUY MENDAÑA, MARIA (Co-tutorships)
MUÑOZ GUZON, FERNANDO MARIA (Tutorships)
PERMUY MENDAÑA, MARIA (Co-tutorships)
Court
FRANCO ABUIN, CARLOS MANUEL (Chairman)
ALVARIÑO ROMERO, REBECA (Secretary)
REMESAR ALONSO, SUSANA (Member)
FRANCO ABUIN, CARLOS MANUEL (Chairman)
ALVARIÑO ROMERO, REBECA (Secretary)
REMESAR ALONSO, SUSANA (Member)
Strategies for modulating the intestinal microbiota in dogs: trend or reality?
Authorship
U.F.P.
Bachelor in Veterinary
U.F.P.
Bachelor in Veterinary
Defense date
09.12.2025 09:30
09.12.2025 09:30
Summary
The canine gut microbiota is directly related to the health and wellfare of dogs, so any alteration to its composition or its function can be indicative of disease. The disruption of intestinal balance is known as dysbiosis, which is mainly associated with gastrointestinal diseases. The growing interest in the microbiota has led to research into the use of various components aimed at modifying the canine gut flora. The use of prebiotics, probiotics and synbiotics has been shown to have beneficial effects on the organism and on the microbial community of the digestive tract. On the contrary, the use of antibiotics causes imbalance in the intesinal microbiota. In the search for therapeutic alternatives to antibiotics in the clinical setting, fecal microbiota transplantation has emerged, in which the feces of a healthy donor are used to help resolve acute and chronic disorders.
The canine gut microbiota is directly related to the health and wellfare of dogs, so any alteration to its composition or its function can be indicative of disease. The disruption of intestinal balance is known as dysbiosis, which is mainly associated with gastrointestinal diseases. The growing interest in the microbiota has led to research into the use of various components aimed at modifying the canine gut flora. The use of prebiotics, probiotics and synbiotics has been shown to have beneficial effects on the organism and on the microbial community of the digestive tract. On the contrary, the use of antibiotics causes imbalance in the intesinal microbiota. In the search for therapeutic alternatives to antibiotics in the clinical setting, fecal microbiota transplantation has emerged, in which the feces of a healthy donor are used to help resolve acute and chronic disorders.
Direction
ORJALES GALDO, INMACULADA (Tutorships)
ORJALES GALDO, INMACULADA (Tutorships)
Court
FRANCO ABUIN, CARLOS MANUEL (Chairman)
ALVARIÑO ROMERO, REBECA (Secretary)
REMESAR ALONSO, SUSANA (Member)
FRANCO ABUIN, CARLOS MANUEL (Chairman)
ALVARIÑO ROMERO, REBECA (Secretary)
REMESAR ALONSO, SUSANA (Member)
Laparoscopic surgery in horses: review
Authorship
M.F.C.
Bachelor in Veterinary
M.F.C.
Bachelor in Veterinary
Defense date
09.12.2025 09:30
09.12.2025 09:30
Summary
The present is a literature review paper about the laparoscopic surgical technique applied to equine medicine. It is intended to evaluate, using the existing literature, the place in which the laparoscopy stands nowadays between experts and its purpose. In the following sections it wil be explained what a laparoscopic surgery is about, as well as the broad repertoire of laparoscopic instruments and in which cases these are used. The equine abdominal anatomy viewed through the lens of the laparoscope will also be mentioned as well as the benefits and inconveniences this technique has, especially when compared to more traditional techniques as the laparotomy. Subsequently, the most common interventions performed using this technique are described, from the preoperative period to the recovery. Along with these, other surgeries also available by laparoscopy are presented, although not as frequent in daily casuistry of a clinic or hospital. Lastly, the diagnostic use of this technique is explained.
The present is a literature review paper about the laparoscopic surgical technique applied to equine medicine. It is intended to evaluate, using the existing literature, the place in which the laparoscopy stands nowadays between experts and its purpose. In the following sections it wil be explained what a laparoscopic surgery is about, as well as the broad repertoire of laparoscopic instruments and in which cases these are used. The equine abdominal anatomy viewed through the lens of the laparoscope will also be mentioned as well as the benefits and inconveniences this technique has, especially when compared to more traditional techniques as the laparotomy. Subsequently, the most common interventions performed using this technique are described, from the preoperative period to the recovery. Along with these, other surgeries also available by laparoscopy are presented, although not as frequent in daily casuistry of a clinic or hospital. Lastly, the diagnostic use of this technique is explained.
Direction
GONZALEZ CANTALAPIEDRA, ANTONIO (Tutorships)
VILLANUEVA SANTAMARINA, BLANCA LIDIA (Co-tutorships)
GONZALEZ CANTALAPIEDRA, ANTONIO (Tutorships)
VILLANUEVA SANTAMARINA, BLANCA LIDIA (Co-tutorships)
Court
FRANCO ABUIN, CARLOS MANUEL (Chairman)
ALVARIÑO ROMERO, REBECA (Secretary)
REMESAR ALONSO, SUSANA (Member)
FRANCO ABUIN, CARLOS MANUEL (Chairman)
ALVARIÑO ROMERO, REBECA (Secretary)
REMESAR ALONSO, SUSANA (Member)
The effect of animal welfare on the milk microbiota in cows.
Authorship
Y.H.A.
Bachelor in Veterinary
Y.H.A.
Bachelor in Veterinary
Defense date
09.12.2025 09:30
09.12.2025 09:30
Summary
Animal welfare affects both the health of the animals and the quality of the products they generate. In the case of raw milk, one possible consequence of welfare is the variation in its microbiota, which could have implications for hygiene, preservation, and processing. This study aims to analyze whether there are differences in the bacterial load and diversity of milk depending on the level of animal welfare, assessed according to the Welfair Quality protocol. Ten intensive dairy farms in Galicia with different welfare scores were selected. Bulk tank milk samples were analyzed using culture-dependent techniques and qPCR, and the results obtained by both techniques were compared. The analyses showed certain trends between the level of welfare and the presence of different bacterial groups using qPCR, which was not observed with culture-dependent techniques. The qPCR technique revealed a significant relationship between higher levels of welfare and lower presence of Actinobacteria, Clostridium XIV, Enterococcus, and Firmicutes, as well as a positive trend for other bacterial groups, although without statistical. These results open the door to further exploring the relationship between animal welfare and the microbiota of raw milk and highlight the value of molecular techniques as tools for this type of research.
Animal welfare affects both the health of the animals and the quality of the products they generate. In the case of raw milk, one possible consequence of welfare is the variation in its microbiota, which could have implications for hygiene, preservation, and processing. This study aims to analyze whether there are differences in the bacterial load and diversity of milk depending on the level of animal welfare, assessed according to the Welfair Quality protocol. Ten intensive dairy farms in Galicia with different welfare scores were selected. Bulk tank milk samples were analyzed using culture-dependent techniques and qPCR, and the results obtained by both techniques were compared. The analyses showed certain trends between the level of welfare and the presence of different bacterial groups using qPCR, which was not observed with culture-dependent techniques. The qPCR technique revealed a significant relationship between higher levels of welfare and lower presence of Actinobacteria, Clostridium XIV, Enterococcus, and Firmicutes, as well as a positive trend for other bacterial groups, although without statistical. These results open the door to further exploring the relationship between animal welfare and the microbiota of raw milk and highlight the value of molecular techniques as tools for this type of research.
Direction
LAMAS FREIRE, ALEXANDRE (Tutorships)
REGAL LÓPEZ, PATRICIA (Co-tutorships)
LAMAS FREIRE, ALEXANDRE (Tutorships)
REGAL LÓPEZ, PATRICIA (Co-tutorships)
Court
FRANCO ABUIN, CARLOS MANUEL (Chairman)
ALVARIÑO ROMERO, REBECA (Secretary)
REMESAR ALONSO, SUSANA (Member)
FRANCO ABUIN, CARLOS MANUEL (Chairman)
ALVARIÑO ROMERO, REBECA (Secretary)
REMESAR ALONSO, SUSANA (Member)
Preliminary evaluation of sprayable fungal formulations as bioparasiticides
Authorship
P.M.F.
Bachelor in Veterinary
P.M.F.
Bachelor in Veterinary
Defense date
09.12.2025 09:30
09.12.2025 09:30
Summary
The emergence of problems related to the control of parasites of interest in veterinary and human medicine has become an increasing concern in recent decades. Despite the availability of highly effective commercial antiparasitic drugs, traditional strategies, based solely on their application, have led to increasingly frequent treatments and reduced efficacy, promoting the development of resistance in various parasitic species. In order to contribute to improving this situation, special attention has been given to microorganisms commonly present in the environment, which exhibit antagonistic activity against various parasitic stages, such as eggs, oocysts or larvae. This study proposes an experimental model to establish the mechanism of action of fungi with antiparasitic activity, through two in vitro assays based on the exposure of saprophytic filamentous fungi Mucor circinelloides and Trichoderma atrobrunneum to the eggs of the nematodes Ascaris suum and Parascaris equorum, obtained directly from naturally infected pig and horse feces, respectively. The results obtained allow the classification of the effect of these fungi as ovicidal (if permanent destruction or non-viability of the eggs is observed) or ovistatic (if their development is delayed until the infective stage). Furthermore, it is demonstrated that using eggs of both ascarids constitutes a simple and reproducible model for the qualitative evaluation of the parasiticidal activity of fungi, providing a promising alternative to the conventional control of gastrointestinal parasitosis within a One Health approach.
The emergence of problems related to the control of parasites of interest in veterinary and human medicine has become an increasing concern in recent decades. Despite the availability of highly effective commercial antiparasitic drugs, traditional strategies, based solely on their application, have led to increasingly frequent treatments and reduced efficacy, promoting the development of resistance in various parasitic species. In order to contribute to improving this situation, special attention has been given to microorganisms commonly present in the environment, which exhibit antagonistic activity against various parasitic stages, such as eggs, oocysts or larvae. This study proposes an experimental model to establish the mechanism of action of fungi with antiparasitic activity, through two in vitro assays based on the exposure of saprophytic filamentous fungi Mucor circinelloides and Trichoderma atrobrunneum to the eggs of the nematodes Ascaris suum and Parascaris equorum, obtained directly from naturally infected pig and horse feces, respectively. The results obtained allow the classification of the effect of these fungi as ovicidal (if permanent destruction or non-viability of the eggs is observed) or ovistatic (if their development is delayed until the infective stage). Furthermore, it is demonstrated that using eggs of both ascarids constitutes a simple and reproducible model for the qualitative evaluation of the parasiticidal activity of fungi, providing a promising alternative to the conventional control of gastrointestinal parasitosis within a One Health approach.
Direction
PAZ SILVA, ADOLFO (Tutorships)
HERNANDEZ MALAGON, JOSE ANGEL (Co-tutorships)
PAZ SILVA, ADOLFO (Tutorships)
HERNANDEZ MALAGON, JOSE ANGEL (Co-tutorships)
Court
FRANCO ABUIN, CARLOS MANUEL (Chairman)
ALVARIÑO ROMERO, REBECA (Secretary)
REMESAR ALONSO, SUSANA (Member)
FRANCO ABUIN, CARLOS MANUEL (Chairman)
ALVARIÑO ROMERO, REBECA (Secretary)
REMESAR ALONSO, SUSANA (Member)
Colony Collapse Disorder
Authorship
P.M.R.
Bachelor in Veterinary
P.M.R.
Bachelor in Veterinary
Defense date
09.11.2025 09:30
09.11.2025 09:30
Summary
The so-called Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) consists of the incomprehensible, short-term absence of a large portion of a hive's worker bees. In addition to the problems posed by the loss of bees in beekeeping and its consequences for the world's food supply, there is also the social alarm that has arisen in recent years due to the lack of a clear understanding of its etiology or causality. Some scientists and beekeepers believe that CCD could have its own identity, while others believe it is simply a series of events that have caused a temporary event. Therefore, the objective of this final degree project was to conduct a bibliographic review of what is known so far about Colony Collapse Disorder, covering everything from the most basic concepts, such as its concept and background, to the most complex, such as its etiology and the solutions that have been proposed in different parts of the world. The decline of, primarily, bee populations and, to a lesser extent, other pollinating insects continues to cause alarm year after year, with attention and research focused on the role of pesticides (with their use becoming increasingly limited), residues from pharmaceuticals administered by beekeepers themselves, climate change, electromagnetic waves emitted by devices such as cell phones and 5G networks, the urbanization of rural areas, predators and malnutrition, as well as biotic factors such as bacteria, fungi, parasites (where Varroa is highly prevalent), protozoa, and viruses. The nutritional and economic potential they provide us through beekeeping and the balance of the ecosystems in which they live depend on the well-being of bees, with all the implications this entails for agriculture, crop maintenance, and the diversification of flora. Ensuring the future of bees in the coming decades requires promoting the creation of research programs and plans, coordinated by global institutions, that can identify and combat the causes of CCD, establish surveillance systems that alert to the emergence of new risk factors, and prevent and combat emerging diseases.
The so-called Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) consists of the incomprehensible, short-term absence of a large portion of a hive's worker bees. In addition to the problems posed by the loss of bees in beekeeping and its consequences for the world's food supply, there is also the social alarm that has arisen in recent years due to the lack of a clear understanding of its etiology or causality. Some scientists and beekeepers believe that CCD could have its own identity, while others believe it is simply a series of events that have caused a temporary event. Therefore, the objective of this final degree project was to conduct a bibliographic review of what is known so far about Colony Collapse Disorder, covering everything from the most basic concepts, such as its concept and background, to the most complex, such as its etiology and the solutions that have been proposed in different parts of the world. The decline of, primarily, bee populations and, to a lesser extent, other pollinating insects continues to cause alarm year after year, with attention and research focused on the role of pesticides (with their use becoming increasingly limited), residues from pharmaceuticals administered by beekeepers themselves, climate change, electromagnetic waves emitted by devices such as cell phones and 5G networks, the urbanization of rural areas, predators and malnutrition, as well as biotic factors such as bacteria, fungi, parasites (where Varroa is highly prevalent), protozoa, and viruses. The nutritional and economic potential they provide us through beekeeping and the balance of the ecosystems in which they live depend on the well-being of bees, with all the implications this entails for agriculture, crop maintenance, and the diversification of flora. Ensuring the future of bees in the coming decades requires promoting the creation of research programs and plans, coordinated by global institutions, that can identify and combat the causes of CCD, establish surveillance systems that alert to the emergence of new risk factors, and prevent and combat emerging diseases.
Direction
PANADERO FONTÁN, ROSARIO (Tutorships)
GARCIA DIOS, DAVID (Co-tutorships)
PANADERO FONTÁN, ROSARIO (Tutorships)
GARCIA DIOS, DAVID (Co-tutorships)
Court
SUAREZ REY, MARIA LUISA (Chairman)
LENDOIRO BELIO, ELENA (Secretary)
LAMAS FREIRE, ALEXANDRE (Member)
SUAREZ REY, MARIA LUISA (Chairman)
LENDOIRO BELIO, ELENA (Secretary)
LAMAS FREIRE, ALEXANDRE (Member)
Tuberculosis in Wild Mammals
Authorship
G.P.D.
Bachelor in Veterinary
G.P.D.
Bachelor in Veterinary
Defense date
09.12.2025 09:30
09.12.2025 09:30
Summary
Tuberculosis in mammals, a zoonotic infectious disease primarily caused by Mycobacterium bovis, poses an increasing threat to wildlife, with significant implications for both species’ conservation and public health. This work reviews the critical role of anatomical pathology in the diagnosis of tuberculosis in wild animals, focusing on the lesions induced by members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC). Macroscopic and microscopic granulomatous patterns in various species are examined, along with the diagnostic methods currently available (from necropsy and histopathological examination to advanced molecular techniques such as PCR) highlighting their respective strengths and limitations. This study reveals the diagnostic challenges posed by latent infections and the overlap with other granulomatous diseases, emphasizing the need for species-specific diagnostic protocols. The pathological behavior of TB in key species such as wild boar, deer, and canids is analyzed, underscoring its ecological and epidemiological relevance. The pathogen’s environmental persistence, diagnostic complexity in early stages, and the presence of wildlife reservoirs multidisciplinary strategy hinder eradication efforts and highlight the necessity of a based on the One Health approach. This study underlines the importance of enhancing wildlife health surveillance and advancing the development of accurate and species-adapted diagnostic tools.
Tuberculosis in mammals, a zoonotic infectious disease primarily caused by Mycobacterium bovis, poses an increasing threat to wildlife, with significant implications for both species’ conservation and public health. This work reviews the critical role of anatomical pathology in the diagnosis of tuberculosis in wild animals, focusing on the lesions induced by members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC). Macroscopic and microscopic granulomatous patterns in various species are examined, along with the diagnostic methods currently available (from necropsy and histopathological examination to advanced molecular techniques such as PCR) highlighting their respective strengths and limitations. This study reveals the diagnostic challenges posed by latent infections and the overlap with other granulomatous diseases, emphasizing the need for species-specific diagnostic protocols. The pathological behavior of TB in key species such as wild boar, deer, and canids is analyzed, underscoring its ecological and epidemiological relevance. The pathogen’s environmental persistence, diagnostic complexity in early stages, and the presence of wildlife reservoirs multidisciplinary strategy hinder eradication efforts and highlight the necessity of a based on the One Health approach. This study underlines the importance of enhancing wildlife health surveillance and advancing the development of accurate and species-adapted diagnostic tools.
Direction
LOPEZ PEÑA, MONICA (Tutorships)
PERMUY MENDAÑA, MARIA (Co-tutorships)
LOPEZ PEÑA, MONICA (Tutorships)
PERMUY MENDAÑA, MARIA (Co-tutorships)
Court
RODRÍGUEZ VIEYTES, MARÍA MERCEDES (Chairman)
FERNANDEZ VILLA, CANDELA (Secretary)
MONDRAGON PORTOCARRERO, ALICIA DEL CARMEN (Member)
RODRÍGUEZ VIEYTES, MARÍA MERCEDES (Chairman)
FERNANDEZ VILLA, CANDELA (Secretary)
MONDRAGON PORTOCARRERO, ALICIA DEL CARMEN (Member)
Production Diseases in the Spanish Dairy Sector: An Analysis of the Impact of Intensification.
Authorship
A.P.G.
Bachelor in Veterinary
A.P.G.
Bachelor in Veterinary
Defense date
09.12.2025 09:30
09.12.2025 09:30
Summary
This paper analyzes, through a bibliographic review, the main production pathologies such as mastitis, lameness, ketosis, and ruminal acidosis, within the context of the intensification of the Spanish dairy sector. This production model, with fewer but larger and more efficient farms, has increased the risk of these deeply interconnected diseases. The review addresses mastitis management, highlighting the success of the National Plan against Antibiotic Resistance; the connection between high-energy diets, subclinical ruminal acidosis and lameness; and the role of subclinical ketosis as a consequence of negative energy balance and as a gateway disease that increases the risk of other disorders. It is concluded that a preventive and holistic approach, focused on transition period management, nutrition, and comfort, is indispensable for the sustainability, health, and animal welfare of modern farms.
This paper analyzes, through a bibliographic review, the main production pathologies such as mastitis, lameness, ketosis, and ruminal acidosis, within the context of the intensification of the Spanish dairy sector. This production model, with fewer but larger and more efficient farms, has increased the risk of these deeply interconnected diseases. The review addresses mastitis management, highlighting the success of the National Plan against Antibiotic Resistance; the connection between high-energy diets, subclinical ruminal acidosis and lameness; and the role of subclinical ketosis as a consequence of negative energy balance and as a gateway disease that increases the risk of other disorders. It is concluded that a preventive and holistic approach, focused on transition period management, nutrition, and comfort, is indispensable for the sustainability, health, and animal welfare of modern farms.
Direction
LOPEZ SANDEZ, CEFERINO MANUEL (Tutorships)
LOPEZ SANDEZ, CEFERINO MANUEL (Tutorships)
Court
RODRÍGUEZ VIEYTES, MARÍA MERCEDES (Chairman)
FERNANDEZ VILLA, CANDELA (Secretary)
MONDRAGON PORTOCARRERO, ALICIA DEL CARMEN (Member)
RODRÍGUEZ VIEYTES, MARÍA MERCEDES (Chairman)
FERNANDEZ VILLA, CANDELA (Secretary)
MONDRAGON PORTOCARRERO, ALICIA DEL CARMEN (Member)
Study of the seroprevalence of gasterophilosis in horses from Galicia
Authorship
R.P.R.
Bachelor in Veterinary
R.P.R.
Bachelor in Veterinary
Defense date
09.12.2025 09:30
09.12.2025 09:30
Summary
There are different types of parasitism, among which myiasis can be found, capable of affecting a wide range of species. In our case, gasterophilosis is caused by flies of the genus Gasterophilus, which affect equids ,both domestic and wild, and, less commonly, humans, in whom they can cause cases of ophthalmomyiasis. This type of myiasis is obligatory; the parasite must complete its endogenous cycle within a living host in order to extract nutrients and develop. The adult fly flies around the host and lays its eggs on specific areas of the animal’s body, depending on the Gasterophilus species. Within a few days, the eggs already contain firststage larvae (L1), which, once ingested, remain in the oral cavity until hatching. After migrating through the mouth, they molt into secondstage larvae (L2)and temporarily attach to the oral or pharyngeal mucosa. They then reach the esophagus and continue on to the stomach or intestine ,depending on the species, where they molt into thirdstage larvae (L3). Once fully developed, the larvae detach and are expelled with the feces, burrowing into the soil. After 2 or 3 days,they become pupae, which, following a complex metamorphosis, will give rise to a new adult fly. Among the various immunological techniques used for antibody detection, the ELISA test stands out due to its widespread use. Considering that the crude extract of secondstage larvae (L2)is the most immunogenic, an enzymelinked immunosorbent assay was developed using excretory/secretory antigens obtained from L2 of Gasterophilus haemorrhoidalis. This method allows for the detection of specific antibodies against the parasite, enabling the identification of prior exposure of the host to Gasterophilus species. Based on this ELISA technique, the present study was carried out to determine the seroprevalence of equine gasterophilosis in Galicia and its correlation with various intrinsic factors (age, sex, and breed) and extrinsic factors (management system, province, and season of the year). The results showed that more than half (52%) of the animals analyzed had been exposed to the parasite, which is consistent with findings from previous studies.Regarding intrinsic factors, it was observed that the most exposed horses were those over 10 years of age (33%), females (10%), and individuals of crossbred breeds (12%). With respect to extrinsic factors, greater exposure was found among horses kept in mixed systems (pasture and stable) (13%), those located in the province of Ourense (31%), and, consistent with other studies, during the winter months (67%). The lowest exposure was recorded during spring and summer (10% and 24%, respectively). This pattern may be due to the presence of larvae (L3) during winter and summer, which are less immunogenic, or even the absence of larval stages. From summer onward, the seroprevalence increases due to a new antigenic stimulus associated with the ingestion of eggs containing L1 larvae.
There are different types of parasitism, among which myiasis can be found, capable of affecting a wide range of species. In our case, gasterophilosis is caused by flies of the genus Gasterophilus, which affect equids ,both domestic and wild, and, less commonly, humans, in whom they can cause cases of ophthalmomyiasis. This type of myiasis is obligatory; the parasite must complete its endogenous cycle within a living host in order to extract nutrients and develop. The adult fly flies around the host and lays its eggs on specific areas of the animal’s body, depending on the Gasterophilus species. Within a few days, the eggs already contain firststage larvae (L1), which, once ingested, remain in the oral cavity until hatching. After migrating through the mouth, they molt into secondstage larvae (L2)and temporarily attach to the oral or pharyngeal mucosa. They then reach the esophagus and continue on to the stomach or intestine ,depending on the species, where they molt into thirdstage larvae (L3). Once fully developed, the larvae detach and are expelled with the feces, burrowing into the soil. After 2 or 3 days,they become pupae, which, following a complex metamorphosis, will give rise to a new adult fly. Among the various immunological techniques used for antibody detection, the ELISA test stands out due to its widespread use. Considering that the crude extract of secondstage larvae (L2)is the most immunogenic, an enzymelinked immunosorbent assay was developed using excretory/secretory antigens obtained from L2 of Gasterophilus haemorrhoidalis. This method allows for the detection of specific antibodies against the parasite, enabling the identification of prior exposure of the host to Gasterophilus species. Based on this ELISA technique, the present study was carried out to determine the seroprevalence of equine gasterophilosis in Galicia and its correlation with various intrinsic factors (age, sex, and breed) and extrinsic factors (management system, province, and season of the year). The results showed that more than half (52%) of the animals analyzed had been exposed to the parasite, which is consistent with findings from previous studies.Regarding intrinsic factors, it was observed that the most exposed horses were those over 10 years of age (33%), females (10%), and individuals of crossbred breeds (12%). With respect to extrinsic factors, greater exposure was found among horses kept in mixed systems (pasture and stable) (13%), those located in the province of Ourense (31%), and, consistent with other studies, during the winter months (67%). The lowest exposure was recorded during spring and summer (10% and 24%, respectively). This pattern may be due to the presence of larvae (L3) during winter and summer, which are less immunogenic, or even the absence of larval stages. From summer onward, the seroprevalence increases due to a new antigenic stimulus associated with the ingestion of eggs containing L1 larvae.
Direction
ARIAS VAZQUEZ, MARIA SOL (Tutorships)
ABREU RAMOS, INES ISABEL (Co-tutorships)
ARIAS VAZQUEZ, MARIA SOL (Tutorships)
ABREU RAMOS, INES ISABEL (Co-tutorships)
Court
RODRÍGUEZ VIEYTES, MARÍA MERCEDES (Chairman)
FERNANDEZ VILLA, CANDELA (Secretary)
MONDRAGON PORTOCARRERO, ALICIA DEL CARMEN (Member)
RODRÍGUEZ VIEYTES, MARÍA MERCEDES (Chairman)
FERNANDEZ VILLA, CANDELA (Secretary)
MONDRAGON PORTOCARRERO, ALICIA DEL CARMEN (Member)
Bioaccumulative toxins in plants
Authorship
J.R.L.
Bachelor in Veterinary
J.R.L.
Bachelor in Veterinary
Defense date
09.12.2025 09:30
09.12.2025 09:30
Summary
The bioaccumulation of toxic substances in plants, such as heavy metals, pesticides, and organic pollutants, is a consequence of increasing environmental contamination caused by human activities. These substances are mainly absorbed through soil and water, affecting plant health and facilitating their transfer to animals and humans through the food chain. Given the fundamental role of plants in ecosystems and food production, it is essential to analyze how these compounds accumulate and their impacts to develop effective environmental management strategies. The general objective was to analyze, through a literature review, the role of plants as vectors of bioaccumulative toxic substances and their repercussions on plant and animal health. A bibliographic search strategy was carried out focusing on studies and documents about “bioaccumulative toxins in plants”. Several persistent and bioaccumulative chemicals were identified in plants, such as PFAS, heavy metals, and microplastics, which persist due to their high stability. It was also identified that their absorption occurs mainly through the roots, via active transport and transporter proteins, influenced by environmental and genetic factors. This plant accumulation represents a risk to domestic, farm, and wild animals, generating immunological, endocrine, and dietary effects through the food chain.
The bioaccumulation of toxic substances in plants, such as heavy metals, pesticides, and organic pollutants, is a consequence of increasing environmental contamination caused by human activities. These substances are mainly absorbed through soil and water, affecting plant health and facilitating their transfer to animals and humans through the food chain. Given the fundamental role of plants in ecosystems and food production, it is essential to analyze how these compounds accumulate and their impacts to develop effective environmental management strategies. The general objective was to analyze, through a literature review, the role of plants as vectors of bioaccumulative toxic substances and their repercussions on plant and animal health. A bibliographic search strategy was carried out focusing on studies and documents about “bioaccumulative toxins in plants”. Several persistent and bioaccumulative chemicals were identified in plants, such as PFAS, heavy metals, and microplastics, which persist due to their high stability. It was also identified that their absorption occurs mainly through the roots, via active transport and transporter proteins, influenced by environmental and genetic factors. This plant accumulation represents a risk to domestic, farm, and wild animals, generating immunological, endocrine, and dietary effects through the food chain.
Direction
LENDOIRO BELIO, ELENA (Tutorships)
LENDOIRO BELIO, ELENA (Tutorships)
Court
RODRÍGUEZ VIEYTES, MARÍA MERCEDES (Chairman)
FERNANDEZ VILLA, CANDELA (Secretary)
MONDRAGON PORTOCARRERO, ALICIA DEL CARMEN (Member)
RODRÍGUEZ VIEYTES, MARÍA MERCEDES (Chairman)
FERNANDEZ VILLA, CANDELA (Secretary)
MONDRAGON PORTOCARRERO, ALICIA DEL CARMEN (Member)
Study of the re-hierarchization process in a population of Macaca fascicularis
Authorship
M.S.R.
Bachelor in Veterinary
M.S.R.
Bachelor in Veterinary
Defense date
09.11.2025 09:30
09.11.2025 09:30
Summary
In this final degree project, we conducted an experimental behavioral study on a standardized population of Macaca fascicularis, resident in Marcelle Natureza, to evaluate the social behavior developed and the process of re-hierarchization established after the sudden death of the group leader. An observational protocol was designed to collect data on the interactions of each individual, which were analyzed using Gephi social network analysis software, thus obtaining a series of graphs that allowed the evaluation of the group's tendencies and behavioral changes over time, as well as how the process of social stability was carried out. The results are analyzed and compared with the few studies referring to similar populations, leading to the conclusions detailed at the end.
In this final degree project, we conducted an experimental behavioral study on a standardized population of Macaca fascicularis, resident in Marcelle Natureza, to evaluate the social behavior developed and the process of re-hierarchization established after the sudden death of the group leader. An observational protocol was designed to collect data on the interactions of each individual, which were analyzed using Gephi social network analysis software, thus obtaining a series of graphs that allowed the evaluation of the group's tendencies and behavioral changes over time, as well as how the process of social stability was carried out. The results are analyzed and compared with the few studies referring to similar populations, leading to the conclusions detailed at the end.
Direction
FERNANDEZ TROCONIZ REVUELTA, PATRICIA (Tutorships)
Valderrabano Cano, Esther (Co-tutorships)
FERNANDEZ TROCONIZ REVUELTA, PATRICIA (Tutorships)
Valderrabano Cano, Esther (Co-tutorships)
Court
SUAREZ REY, MARIA LUISA (Chairman)
LENDOIRO BELIO, ELENA (Secretary)
LAMAS FREIRE, ALEXANDRE (Member)
SUAREZ REY, MARIA LUISA (Chairman)
LENDOIRO BELIO, ELENA (Secretary)
LAMAS FREIRE, ALEXANDRE (Member)
From pain to recovery: A comprehensive approach to degenerative lumbosacral stenosis in dogs
Authorship
M.S.M.
Bachelor in Veterinary
M.S.M.
Bachelor in Veterinary
Defense date
09.11.2025 09:30
09.11.2025 09:30
Summary
Degenerative lumbosacral stenosis is a neurological disease that affects the canine population, especially the German Shepherd breed. It is characterized by the narrowing of the spinal canal and nerve roots. Although the prevalence of the disease in the general canine population is not very high, it seriously affects the quality of life and well-being of the animal suffering from it. The most notable clinical manifestations of this pathology are lumbosacral pain and pelvic limbs weakness, which, depending on the degree of neurological involvement, may be accompanied by more severe clinical signs such as ataxia, proprioception deficit, lameness, and lack of sphincter control, among others. The etiology of the disease, although multifactorial, is still unknown. However, protrusion of the intervertebral disc plays an important role and is believed to mark the onset of the disease. The pathophysiology of degenerative lumbosacral stenosis must be understood as a progressive sequence of anatomical changes in response to instability of the lumbosacral joint, ultimately resulting in stenosis of the spinal canal in the lumbosacral region and the intervertebral foramina. Diagnosis of the disease is essential for establishing appropriate treatment tailored to each patient. This is primarily based on the patient's medical history, physical and neurological examination, and diagnostic imaging tests, especially advanced ones such as computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, the latter being the test of choice. Other complementary techniques are currently being used in veterinary medicine to aid in definitive diagnosis of the disease. Currently, there is no consensus in veterinary medicine establishing a therapeutic protocol for these patients. Treatment is primarily aimed at alleviating lumbosacral pain and decompressing the spinal cord and affected nerve roots. Although medical and surgical treatment options are broad and varied, complete recovery is not always achieved, especially in the most severe cases.
Degenerative lumbosacral stenosis is a neurological disease that affects the canine population, especially the German Shepherd breed. It is characterized by the narrowing of the spinal canal and nerve roots. Although the prevalence of the disease in the general canine population is not very high, it seriously affects the quality of life and well-being of the animal suffering from it. The most notable clinical manifestations of this pathology are lumbosacral pain and pelvic limbs weakness, which, depending on the degree of neurological involvement, may be accompanied by more severe clinical signs such as ataxia, proprioception deficit, lameness, and lack of sphincter control, among others. The etiology of the disease, although multifactorial, is still unknown. However, protrusion of the intervertebral disc plays an important role and is believed to mark the onset of the disease. The pathophysiology of degenerative lumbosacral stenosis must be understood as a progressive sequence of anatomical changes in response to instability of the lumbosacral joint, ultimately resulting in stenosis of the spinal canal in the lumbosacral region and the intervertebral foramina. Diagnosis of the disease is essential for establishing appropriate treatment tailored to each patient. This is primarily based on the patient's medical history, physical and neurological examination, and diagnostic imaging tests, especially advanced ones such as computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, the latter being the test of choice. Other complementary techniques are currently being used in veterinary medicine to aid in definitive diagnosis of the disease. Currently, there is no consensus in veterinary medicine establishing a therapeutic protocol for these patients. Treatment is primarily aimed at alleviating lumbosacral pain and decompressing the spinal cord and affected nerve roots. Although medical and surgical treatment options are broad and varied, complete recovery is not always achieved, especially in the most severe cases.
Direction
ESPINO LOPEZ, LUCIANO (Tutorships)
ESPINO LOPEZ, LUCIANO (Tutorships)
Court
SUAREZ REY, MARIA LUISA (Chairman)
LENDOIRO BELIO, ELENA (Secretary)
LAMAS FREIRE, ALEXANDRE (Member)
SUAREZ REY, MARIA LUISA (Chairman)
LENDOIRO BELIO, ELENA (Secretary)
LAMAS FREIRE, ALEXANDRE (Member)
An updated classification of canine lymphoma: prognostic and therapeutic implications
Authorship
N.S.M.
Bachelor in Veterinary
N.S.M.
Bachelor in Veterinary
Defense date
09.11.2025 09:30
09.11.2025 09:30
Summary
Canine lymphoma is an extraordinarily heterogeneous pathological entity whose increasing prevalence makes the constant updating of diagnostic, therapeutic and prognostic approaches essential. Early classification systems are now insufficient to predict disease course and guide management; therefore, additional parameters have been incorporated to improve risk stratification. Against this backdrop, the present study aims to review the most up-to-date classification schemes for canine lymphoma and assess their prognostic and therapeutic impact. A systematic search was conducted in reputable academic databases, selecting high-quality scientific literature to support the analysis. The review highlights five key dimensions in the current classification of the disease: anatomical location, World Health Organization clinical stage, histological-cytological architecture, immunophenotype and molecular profile. The multicentric anatomical form remains the most frequent presentation and, in general, the one that responds best to therapeutic protocols, whereas other forms have shorter median survival times and require modified treatment schemes. Clinical stage and substage exert a strong influence on prognosis and therapy, affecting both remission duration and the need for supportive care. Immunophenotypic classification stands out as one of the most powerful prognostic predictors: B-cell lymphomas achieve longer median survival than T-cell lymphomas when treated with equivalent chemotherapy protocols. Systemic composite prognostic indices and simple haematological ratios offer additional independent prognostic value, allowing therapy intensity to be tailored to each patient. The molecular dimension, still emerging in routine practice, has identified specific gene mutations associated with early relapse and yielded next-generation sequencing panels capable of grouping patients into prognostic categories, foreshadowing the imminent integration of genomics into risk stratification. These findings have driven a shift from one-size-fits-all protocols toward increasingly personalised therapies. Overall, the multidimensional classification of canine lymphoma not only improves survival prediction but also enables the selection of protocols with a good overall response rate and early planning of rescue regimens.
Canine lymphoma is an extraordinarily heterogeneous pathological entity whose increasing prevalence makes the constant updating of diagnostic, therapeutic and prognostic approaches essential. Early classification systems are now insufficient to predict disease course and guide management; therefore, additional parameters have been incorporated to improve risk stratification. Against this backdrop, the present study aims to review the most up-to-date classification schemes for canine lymphoma and assess their prognostic and therapeutic impact. A systematic search was conducted in reputable academic databases, selecting high-quality scientific literature to support the analysis. The review highlights five key dimensions in the current classification of the disease: anatomical location, World Health Organization clinical stage, histological-cytological architecture, immunophenotype and molecular profile. The multicentric anatomical form remains the most frequent presentation and, in general, the one that responds best to therapeutic protocols, whereas other forms have shorter median survival times and require modified treatment schemes. Clinical stage and substage exert a strong influence on prognosis and therapy, affecting both remission duration and the need for supportive care. Immunophenotypic classification stands out as one of the most powerful prognostic predictors: B-cell lymphomas achieve longer median survival than T-cell lymphomas when treated with equivalent chemotherapy protocols. Systemic composite prognostic indices and simple haematological ratios offer additional independent prognostic value, allowing therapy intensity to be tailored to each patient. The molecular dimension, still emerging in routine practice, has identified specific gene mutations associated with early relapse and yielded next-generation sequencing panels capable of grouping patients into prognostic categories, foreshadowing the imminent integration of genomics into risk stratification. These findings have driven a shift from one-size-fits-all protocols toward increasingly personalised therapies. Overall, the multidimensional classification of canine lymphoma not only improves survival prediction but also enables the selection of protocols with a good overall response rate and early planning of rescue regimens.
Direction
Santamarina Pernas, Germán (Tutorships)
Santamarina Pernas, Germán (Tutorships)
Court
SUAREZ REY, MARIA LUISA (Chairman)
LENDOIRO BELIO, ELENA (Secretary)
LAMAS FREIRE, ALEXANDRE (Member)
SUAREZ REY, MARIA LUISA (Chairman)
LENDOIRO BELIO, ELENA (Secretary)
LAMAS FREIRE, ALEXANDRE (Member)
Population genetic analysis of native stocks of brown trout (Salmo trutta) for the conservation of its natural resources in the Valencian Community
Authorship
R.T.A.
Bachelor in Veterinary
R.T.A.
Bachelor in Veterinary
Defense date
09.12.2025 09:30
09.12.2025 09:30
Summary
The brown trout (Salmo trutta) is a fish belonging to the salmonid family with a native Eurasian distribution, inhabiting fresh, clean, and well-oxygenated rivers. In the Iberian Peninsula, they are found mainly in the headwaters of rivers. In the last century, primarily due to human activity, a decline in the species' populations has been observed. Currently, its main threat is climate change, although another factor to consider is genetic introgression caused by the release of trout from Central European fish farms. This has led to the incorporation of their genes into native Iberian populations. The introduction of fish-eating fish, the alteration of river habitats by hydraulic works, mining activity in riverbeds, and chemical pollution from wastewater discharges are also factors that jeopardize the conservation of the species. The Valencian Community has created a Brown Trout Management Plan to protect natural Mediterranean brown trout populations in Valencian rivers, preserving these populations, maintaining their genetic structure, and strengthening and expanding them with individuals from their own genetic lines. A total of 319 brown trout specimens from four locations inhabited by wild populations of the species in the Valencian Community, five lines of wild trout kept in captivity, and two batches from Central European fish farms were genotyped for 10 molecular markers (i.e., microsatellites) to analyze their genetic diversity and population differentiation. After analyzing the levels of genetic diversity and population structure of the captive specimens and comparing them with their natural counterparts, significant differences were only found between the natural sample (VA08) and the stock (HTVA20) from the Bohilgues River. The cause could be genetic drift and the loss of diversity in culture. Therefore, the data suggest that the cultured lines of the different population groups have been adequately managed, are representative of their places of origin, and can be used to reinforce their original populations, with the exception of the Bohilgues line.
The brown trout (Salmo trutta) is a fish belonging to the salmonid family with a native Eurasian distribution, inhabiting fresh, clean, and well-oxygenated rivers. In the Iberian Peninsula, they are found mainly in the headwaters of rivers. In the last century, primarily due to human activity, a decline in the species' populations has been observed. Currently, its main threat is climate change, although another factor to consider is genetic introgression caused by the release of trout from Central European fish farms. This has led to the incorporation of their genes into native Iberian populations. The introduction of fish-eating fish, the alteration of river habitats by hydraulic works, mining activity in riverbeds, and chemical pollution from wastewater discharges are also factors that jeopardize the conservation of the species. The Valencian Community has created a Brown Trout Management Plan to protect natural Mediterranean brown trout populations in Valencian rivers, preserving these populations, maintaining their genetic structure, and strengthening and expanding them with individuals from their own genetic lines. A total of 319 brown trout specimens from four locations inhabited by wild populations of the species in the Valencian Community, five lines of wild trout kept in captivity, and two batches from Central European fish farms were genotyped for 10 molecular markers (i.e., microsatellites) to analyze their genetic diversity and population differentiation. After analyzing the levels of genetic diversity and population structure of the captive specimens and comparing them with their natural counterparts, significant differences were only found between the natural sample (VA08) and the stock (HTVA20) from the Bohilgues River. The cause could be genetic drift and the loss of diversity in culture. Therefore, the data suggest that the cultured lines of the different population groups have been adequately managed, are representative of their places of origin, and can be used to reinforce their original populations, with the exception of the Bohilgues line.
Direction
VERA RODRIGUEZ, MANUEL (Tutorships)
Bouza Fernandez, M Carmen (Co-tutorships)
VERA RODRIGUEZ, MANUEL (Tutorships)
Bouza Fernandez, M Carmen (Co-tutorships)
Court
ARIAS VAZQUEZ, MARIA SOL (Chairman)
Flament Simon, Saskia Camille (Secretary)
REGAL LÓPEZ, PATRICIA (Member)
ARIAS VAZQUEZ, MARIA SOL (Chairman)
Flament Simon, Saskia Camille (Secretary)
REGAL LÓPEZ, PATRICIA (Member)
Diagnosis of respiratory diseases by thoracic ultrasound
Authorship
I.V.S.
Bachelor in Veterinary
I.V.S.
Bachelor in Veterinary
Defense date
09.12.2025 09:30
09.12.2025 09:30
Summary
Lung ultrasound is a non-invasive diagnostic technique that has undergone exponential development in veterinary medicine in recent years. Its growing use is due to its ability to provide real-time images, portability, and high diagnostic accuracy and speed, making it especially useful in emergency situations and intensive care for companion animals. Furthermore, it can be performed by non-specialized personnel with sufficient training. This study aims to evaluate the different lung ultrasound protocols in companion animals, in order to assess its effectiveness as a diagnostic tool for detecting pleural and pulmonary space diseases. To achieve this, a literature review was conducted focusing on the description of the most representative ultrasound patterns and findings associated with respiratory diseases such as pleural effusion, pneumothorax, pulmonary edema, pneumonia, among others, including the normal lung appearance. Despite the many advantages this technique offers, it remains relatively new, and its full potential is still not widely recognized in the professional field. Therefore, further studies are needed to standardize the protocols, establish a unified clinical terminology, and develop specific training programs to facilitate its incorporation into veterinary practice.
Lung ultrasound is a non-invasive diagnostic technique that has undergone exponential development in veterinary medicine in recent years. Its growing use is due to its ability to provide real-time images, portability, and high diagnostic accuracy and speed, making it especially useful in emergency situations and intensive care for companion animals. Furthermore, it can be performed by non-specialized personnel with sufficient training. This study aims to evaluate the different lung ultrasound protocols in companion animals, in order to assess its effectiveness as a diagnostic tool for detecting pleural and pulmonary space diseases. To achieve this, a literature review was conducted focusing on the description of the most representative ultrasound patterns and findings associated with respiratory diseases such as pleural effusion, pneumothorax, pulmonary edema, pneumonia, among others, including the normal lung appearance. Despite the many advantages this technique offers, it remains relatively new, and its full potential is still not widely recognized in the professional field. Therefore, further studies are needed to standardize the protocols, establish a unified clinical terminology, and develop specific training programs to facilitate its incorporation into veterinary practice.
Direction
VILA PASTOR, MONICA (Tutorships)
VILA PASTOR, MONICA (Tutorships)
Court
ARIAS VAZQUEZ, MARIA SOL (Chairman)
Flament Simon, Saskia Camille (Secretary)
REGAL LÓPEZ, PATRICIA (Member)
ARIAS VAZQUEZ, MARIA SOL (Chairman)
Flament Simon, Saskia Camille (Secretary)
REGAL LÓPEZ, PATRICIA (Member)